kubernetes(二) 集群环境搭建

1 前置知识点

Kubernetes 集群大体上分为两类:一主多从 和 多主多从。

  • 一主多从:一台Mater节点和多台Node节点,搭建简单,但是由单机故障风险,适合用于测试环境
  • 多主多从:多台Master节点和多台Node节点,搭建麻烦,安全性高,适用于生产环境。

1.2 安装方式

Kubernetes 多有多种部署方式,目前主流的方式由kubeadm、minikube、二进制包

  • minikube:一个用于快速搭建单节点kubernetes的工具
  • kubeadm:一个用快速搭建kubernetes集群的工具
  • 二进制包:从官网下载每个组件的二进制包,以此去安装,此方式对于理解 kubernetes 组件更加有效

新手推荐 kubeadm

1.3 kubeadm 部署方式介绍

kubeadm 是官方社区推出的一个用于快速部署 kubernetes 集群的工具,这个工具能通过两条指令完成一个 kubernetes 集群的部署:

  • 创建一个Master 节点 kubeadm init
  • 将Node 节点加入到当前集群中$ kubeadm join

kubeadm 安装集群要求 centos7.5 及以上

1.4 安装要求

在开始之前,部署Kubernetes 集群机器需要满足以下几个条件:

  • 一台或多台机器,操作系统CentOS7.x-86_x64
  • 硬件配置:2GB 或更多RAM,2 个CPU 或更多CPU,硬盘30GB 或更多
  • 集群中所有机器之间网络互通
  • 可以访问外网,需要拉取镜像
  • 禁止swap 分区

1.5 最终目标

  • 在所有节点上安装 Docker 和 kubeadm
  • 部署 Kubernetes Master
  • 部署容器网络插件
  • 部署 Kubernetes Node,将节点加入 Kubernetes 集群中
  • 部署 Dashboard Web 页面,可视化查看 Kubernetes 资源

2 安装部署

角色 hostname ip 组件
master node101 192.168.81.101 docker,kubectl,kubeadm,kubelet
node1 node102 192.168.81.102 docker,kubectl,kubeadm,kubelet
node2 node103 192.168.81.103 docker,kubectl,kubeadm,kubelet

以下没有特定说明在 Master 还是 Node 上操作,默认全部节点需要操作。

2.1 hostname及解析

不管搭建设什么集群,切记设置好 hostname,比较方便。两个步骤完成设置:

  1. 临时设置。hostname 节点名称
  2. vim /etc/hostname

设置完成后要添加解析 hostname 主机名的IP映射,vim /etc/hosts 直接修改

192.168.81.101  node101
192.168.81.102  node102
192.168.81.103  node103  
hostname node101

vim /etc/hostname
node101

2.2 时间同步

Kubernetes 要求据群众的节点时间必须精确一致,这里直接使用chronyd服务从网络同步时间。企业中建议配置内部的时间同步服务器。

# 启动chronyd服务
systemctl start chronyd
# 设置chronyd服务开机自启动
systemctl enable chronyd
# chronyd 服务启动稍等几秒钟,就可以使用data命令验证时间了
date

2.3 禁用iptables 和 firewalld 服务

Kubernetes 和 docker 在运行中会产生大量的 iptables 规则,为了不让系统规则跟他们混淆,直接关闭系统的规则,生产系统建议开启,需要开放哪些端口或者IP,手动配置。

# 关闭 firewalld 服务
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
# 关闭iptanles服务
systemctl stop iptables
systemctl disable iptables

2.4 禁用 selinux

selinux 是 linux 系统下的一个安全服务,如果不关闭它,在安装集群中可能会被限制

# 临时关闭
setenforce 0
# 永久禁用
vim /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled

2.5 禁swap用分区

swap 分区指的是虚拟内存分区,它的作用是在物理内存使用完之后,将磁盘空间虚拟成内存来使用,启用swap设备会对系统的性能产生非常负面的影响,因此 Kubernetes 要求每个节点都要禁用swap设备,但是如果因为某些原因确实不能关闭swap分区,就需要在集群安装的过程中通过明确的参数进行配置说明。

# 临时关闭
swapoff -a

# 永久关闭,编辑分区配置文件 /etc/fstab,注释掉 wap 分区一行
#/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

2.6 修改linxu的内核参数

# 修改linux的内核参数,添加网桥过滤和地址转发功能
# 编辑 /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf 文件,添加如下配置:
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=0
vm.swappiness=0
vm.overcommit_memory=1
vm.panic_on_oom=0
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=89100
fs.file-max=52706963
fs.nr_open=52706963
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=2310720

# 加载网桥过滤模块
modprobe br_netfilter
modprobe ip_conntrack
# 配置完成后重新加载配置文件
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
# 查看网桥过滤模块是否添加成功
lsmod | grep br_netfilter

2.7 配置 ipvs

在 Kubernetes 中 service 有两种代理模型,一种是基于 iptables 的,一种是基于 ipvs的,两者比较的话,ipvs 的性能明显更要高一些,但是如果要使用它,需要手动载入 ipvs 模块

# 安装 ipset 和 ipvsadm 
yum install ipset ipvsadm -y

# 添加需要加载得模块写入脚本文件
cat < /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
modprobe -- br_netfilter
EOF

# 为脚本文件添加执行权限
chmod +x /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules

# 执行脚本文件
/bin/bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules

# 查看对应得模块是否加载成功
lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

2.8 docker 安装

# 之前安装过docker 卸载
yum remove docker-*

# 更换镜像地址
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo

# 检查支持版本
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r

# 安装
yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 docker-ce-18.06.3.ce-3.el7

# 添加一个配置文件,docker在默认情况下使用的Cgroup Driver为cgroupfs,而kubernetes推荐使用systemd来代替cgroupfs
cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json <

2.9 安装kubernetes组件

由于Kubernetes的镜像源在国外,速度比较慢,这里切换成国内的镜像源

# 添加配置文件
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg

安装kubeadm、kubelet 和 kubectl

yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 kubeadm-1.17.4-0 kubelet-1.17.4-0 kubectl-1.17.4-0

设置kubelet开机自启动

systemctl enable kubelet

2.10 集群初始化

准备镜像
kubeadm config images list

images=(
    kube-apiserver:v1.17.4
    kube-controller-manager:v1.17.4
    kube-scheduler:v1.17.4
    kube-proxy:v1.17.4
    pause:3.1
    etcd:3.4.3-0
    coredns:1.6.5
)


for imageName in ${images[@]} ;do
    docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName
    docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName k8s.gcr.io/$imageName
    docker rmi registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName
done
初始化

在 Master 点操作如下

kubeadm init \
  --kubernetes-version=v1.17.4 \
  --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
  --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12  \
  --apiserver-advertise-address=10.240.30.113
  • kubernetes-version 为版本
  • pod-network-cidr 指定 pod 网络
  • service-cidr 指定 service 网络
  • apiserver-advertise-address 指定 master 的 IP 地址
  • image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers 指定镜像源为阿里,前面已经拉取过镜像了,所以不需要在拉
# 安装过程中报错如果报错,查看日志
journalctl -xfeu kubelet

# 重置 kubeadm 的信息
kubeadm reset

在 Master 点创建必要的文件,是 kubectl 以后要执行的配置文件

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

其他子节点执行,安装成功后会有信息告诉你

kubeadm join 192.168.81.101:6443 --token d5ejth.9s60snjt5xlh9lnt \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:04aab4993001f66f607e959b120294eddcc8579a5ea7d7364f48d84caecc90c9

查看所有节点

kubectl get nodes

2.11 安装网络插件

kubernetes 支持多种网络插件,比如 flannel、calico、canal等等,任选一种使用即可,本次选择flannel

master 操作

创建文件,复制执内容到文件中

cat < kube-flannel.yml
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
    - configMap
    - secret
    - emptyDir
    - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
    - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  # Users and groups
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege Escalation
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  # Capabilities
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  # Host namespaces
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  # SELinux
  seLinux:
    # SELinux is unused in CaaSP
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
  - apiGroups: ['extensions']
    resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
    verbs: ['use']
    resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - pods
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/status
    verbs:
      - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-amd64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - amd64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-amd64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-arm
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - ppc64le
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-ppc64le
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-ppc64le
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-s390x
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - s390x
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-s390x
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.11.0-s390x
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
EOF

执行以下命令

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml 

查看节点状态,只要从 NotReady 到 Ready 就算成功

服务部署

部署一个nginx程序,测试下集群是否在正常工作,直接在master操作

# 部署nginx
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx:1.14-alpine
# 暴露端口
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort

# 查看服务状态
[root@localhost package]# kubectl get pods,svc
NAME                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/nginx-6867cdf567-2l7tr   1/1     Running   0          50s

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1                443/TCP        71m
service/nginx        NodePort    10.101.119.180           80:31543/TCP   35s

31543 这个端口就是外部端口,可以通过节点名称+端口号直接访问测试

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