当你遇到困难的时候，会怎么办？找专家？问朋友？或者你会找陌生人来帮你解决问题，你付钱给他们作为回报？这正是“挑战奖”背后的初衷。近来，“挑战奖”这个概念再次受到人们的欢迎。那么“挑战奖”的由来和人们利用它的原由是什么呢？
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article
What do you do when you have a problem? Do you go to an expert, ask your friends to come up with an idea? Or, given the chance, would you ask a crowd of strangers for a solution? It may sound strange, but it has spurred more than a few successful innovations. That’s the thinking behind a 'challenge prize'.
Challenge prizes come in many shapes and sizes but the basic concept remains the same. Rather than consulting and paying an expert to innovate a solution, you offer the prize up to anyone who believes they can solve it and present the first to do so with a prize. This might sound odd - many would argue, 'Who is better qualified than an expert?' But actually, not using one seems to result in a great deal of thinking outside of the box.
Some argue that formal education can kill creativity because it sometimes only teaches a single solution to a problem or single method to achieve a task. In the same way, some suggest that experts can suffer from tunnel vision. "If we launch an XPRIZE and it's just the 'experts' that come out and compete, they're usually the ones that will tell us it can't be done." says Marcus Shingles, former CEO of the XPRIZE Foundation, which organises challenge prizes today.
There are other advantages too. "You're not asking people to use a particular solution set on how to solve that problem. So you get this tremendous amount of diversity." adds Shingles. And because the crowd acts like an impromptu think tank, its lateral thinking can throw up issues that may have been overlooked.
Challenge prizes were most popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, but have received renewed interest more recently. Historically, many practical inventions have been conceived in this way – for example, the tin can. More recently, Virgin Galactic, a company hoping to commercialise space flight, developed out of the Ansari XPRIZE 2004 winner Tier One. They successfully launched a reusable spacecraft that left the Earth's atmosphere twice in two weeks. The prize was $10m.
However, there are dangers connected to blue-sky thinking. "You don't want to be creating a challenge prize which incentivises people to solve a problem where there is no demand," says Tris Dyson, executive director of challenge prizes at Nesta, a UK-based innovation foundation. This happened in 1979 where a Kremer prize of £100,000 was claimed by the first person to fly under human power across the English Channel. Despite its successful completion, it has not led to the adoption of human-powered flight as a form of travel. And of course, there are those who invest their personal time and money only to see no return at all: someone else claims the prize, or they find that the reward does not match the resources they invested.
The pros and cons of challenge prizes affect both problem-setters and problem-solvers. But they don’t seem to be going out of style anytime soon. To many, the challenge to innovate, the lure of the prize and the prestige of being first is too much to resist. And there’s no solution for that.
vocabulary
impromptu think tank 临时的智囊团
impromptu: not planned or prepared
incentivise 激励
The pros and cons 优点和缺点
out of style 过时的
lure
n. 诱饵;吸引力，魅力;诱惑物
vt. 吸引，引诱;用引诱物召回（猎鹰）
prestige n. 声誉;威信，威望，声望;（财势的）显赫;信望
conceive v. 怀孕，构思，构想，考虑
tremendous amount of 大量的...
a great deal of 大量的...
a crowd of = a group of 一群...
come up with an idea 想出一个主意
qualified adj. 有资质的
spur innovation 激发创新
concept 概念
innovate 创新（解决方案）
solve 解决
think outside the box 以新眼光看问题，跳出传统的思维框框
tunnel vision 视野狭隘，井底之蛙
lateral thinking 横向思维
throw up issues 抛出问题
overlook 忽略，忽视
invention 创造，发明
blue-sky thinking “蓝天思考”，不着边际的想法
problem-solver 善于解决问题的人
make sentences
Longitudinal thinking, lateral thinking, pluralistic thinking and creative thinking are all scientific. They are completely new thinking models in composing writings on economy.
纵向思维、横向思维、多元思维和创造性思维具有其科学性，是经济写作思维的崭新横式。It's a good idea but I don't think it will be cost-effective to make so we all need to think outside the box and come up with a new plan.
You have 30 minutes to come up with the answer. You may begin your exam, now.
Abstract concepts such as family, freedom and duty vary from culture to culture.
It was only once we had implemented the solution that it threw up issues we hadn't anticipated（预先考虑到，预期）.
It was only once we had implemented the solution that raised difficulties we had overlooked.
question
According to Tris Dyson, what is the danger of challenge prizes?
answer
According to Tris Dyson, creating a challenge prize incentivises people to solve a problem where there is no demand.