俄罗斯方块
1. 案例介绍
俄罗斯方块是由 4 个小方块组成不同形状的板块，随机从屏幕上方落下，按方向键调整板块的位置和方向，在底部拼出完整的一行或几行。这些完整的横条会消失，给新落下来的板块腾出空间，并获得分数奖励。没有被消除掉的方块不断堆积，一旦堆到顶端，便告输，游戏结束。本例难度为高级，适合具有 Python 进阶和 Pygame 编程技巧的用户学习。
2. 设计要点
边框――由 15*25 个空格组成，方块就落在这里面。盒子――组成方块的其中小方块，是组成方块的基本单元。方块――从边框顶掉下的东西，游戏者可以翻转和改变位置。每个方块由 4 个盒子组成。形状――不同类型的方块。这里形状的名字被叫做 T, S, Z ,J, L, I , O。如下图所示：
模版――用一个列表存放形状被翻转后的所有可能样式。全部存放在变量里，变量名字如 S or J。着陆――当一个方块到达边框的底部或接触到在其他的盒子话，就说这个方块着陆了。那样的话，另一个方块就会开始下落。
3. 示例效果
4. 示例源码
import pygame
import random
import os
pygame.init()
GRID_WIDTH = 20
GRID_NUM_WIDTH = 15
GRID_NUM_HEIGHT = 25
WIDTH, HEIGHT = GRID_WIDTH * GRID_NUM_WIDTH, GRID_WIDTH * GRID_NUM_HEIGHT
SIDE_WIDTH = 200
SCREEN_WIDTH = WIDTH + SIDE_WIDTH
WHITE = (0xff, 0xff, 0xff)
BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
LINE_COLOR = (0x33, 0x33, 0x33)
CUBE_COLORS = [
(0xcc, 0x99, 0x99), (0xff, 0xff, 0x99), (0x66, 0x66, 0x99),
(0x99, 0x00, 0x66), (0xff, 0xcc, 0x00), (0xcc, 0x00, 0x33),
(0xff, 0x00, 0x33), (0x00, 0x66, 0x99), (0xff, 0xff, 0x33),
(0x99, 0x00, 0x33), (0xcc, 0xff, 0x66), (0xff, 0x99, 0x00)
]
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((SCREEN_WIDTH, HEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_caption("俄罗斯方块")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
FPS = 30
score = 0
level = 1
screen_color_matrix = [[None] * GRID_NUM_WIDTH for i in range(GRID_NUM_HEIGHT)]
# 设置游戏的根目录为当前文件夹
base_folder = os.path.dirname(__file__)
def show_text(surf, text, size, x, y, color=WHITE):
font_name = os.path.join(base_folder, 'font/font.ttc')
font = pygame.font.Font(font_name, size)
text_surface = font.render(text, True, color)
text_rect = text_surface.get_rect()
text_rect.midtop = (x, y)
surf.blit(text_surface, text_rect)
class CubeShape(object):
SHAPES = ['I', 'J', 'L', 'O', 'S', 'T', 'Z']
I = [[(0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)],
[(-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)]]
J = [[(-2, 0), (-1, 0), (0, 0), (0, -1)],
[(-1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)],
[(0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)],
[(0, -2), (0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0)]]
L = [[(-2, 0), (-1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1)],
[(1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)],
[(0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)],
[(0, -2), (0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0)]]
O = [[(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)]]
S = [[(-1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)],
[(1, -1), (1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1)]]
T = [[(0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0)],
[(-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)],
[(0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)],
[(-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, -1)]]
Z = [[(0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)],
[(-1, 0), (0, 0), (0, -1), (1, -1)]]
SHAPES_WITH_DIR = {
'I': I, 'J': J, 'L': L, 'O': O, 'S': S, 'T': T, 'Z': Z
}
def __init__(self):
self.shape = self.SHAPES[random.randint(0, len(self.SHAPES) - 1)]
# 骨牌所在的行列
self.center = (2, GRID_NUM_WIDTH // 2)
self.dir = random.randint(0, len(self.SHAPES_WITH_DIR[self.shape]) - 1)
self.color = CUBE_COLORS[random.randint(0, len(CUBE_COLORS) - 1)]
def get_all_gridpos(self, center=None):
curr_shape = self.SHAPES_WITH_DIR[self.shape][self.dir]
if center is None:
center = [self.center[0], self.center[1]]
return [(cube[0] + center[0], cube[1] + center[1])
for cube in curr_shape]
def conflict(self, center):
for cube in self.get_all_gridpos(center):
# 超出屏幕之外，说明不合法
if cube[0] < 0 or cube[1] < 0 or cube[0] >= GRID_NUM_HEIGHT or \
cube[1] >= GRID_NUM_WIDTH:
return True
# 不为None，说明之前已经有小方块存在了，也不合法
if screen_color_matrix[cube[0]][cube[1]] is not None:
return True
return False
def rotate(self):
new_dir = self.dir + 1
new_dir %= len(self.SHAPES_WITH_DIR[self.shape])
old_dir = self.dir
self.dir = new_dir
if self.conflict(self.center):
self.dir = old_dir
return False
def down(self):
# import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
center = (self.center[0] + 1, self.center[1])
if self.conflict(center):
return False
self.center = center
return True
def left(self):
center = (self.center[0], self.center[1] - 1)
if self.conflict(center):
return False
self.center = center
return True
def right(self):
center = (self.center[0], self.center[1] + 1)
if self.conflict(center):
return False
self.center = center
return True
def draw(self):
for cube in self.get_all_gridpos():
pygame.draw.rect(screen, self.color,
(cube[1] * GRID_WIDTH, cube[0] * GRID_WIDTH,
GRID_WIDTH, GRID_WIDTH))
pygame.draw.rect(screen, WHITE,
(cube[1] * GRID_WIDTH, cube[0] * GRID_WIDTH,
GRID_WIDTH, GRID_WIDTH),
1)
def draw_grids():
for i in range(GRID_NUM_WIDTH):
pygame.draw.line(screen, LINE_COLOR,
(i * GRID_WIDTH, 0), (i * GRID_WIDTH, HEIGHT))
for i in range(GRID_NUM_HEIGHT):
pygame.draw.line(screen, LINE_COLOR,
(0, i * GRID_WIDTH), (WIDTH, i * GRID_WIDTH))
pygame.draw.line(screen, WHITE,
(GRID_WIDTH * GRID_NUM_WIDTH, 0),
(GRID_WIDTH * GRID_NUM_WIDTH, GRID_WIDTH * GRID_NUM_HEIGHT))
def draw_matrix():
for i, row in zip(range(GRID_NUM_HEIGHT), screen_color_matrix):
for j, color in zip(range(GRID_NUM_WIDTH), row):
if color is not None:
pygame.draw.rect(screen, color,
(j * GRID_WIDTH, i * GRID_WIDTH,
GRID_WIDTH, GRID_WIDTH))
pygame.draw.rect(screen, WHITE,
(j * GRID_WIDTH, i * GRID_WIDTH,
GRID_WIDTH, GRID_WIDTH), 2)
def draw_score():
show_text(screen, u'得分：{}'.format(score), 20, WIDTH + SIDE_WIDTH // 2, 100)
def remove_full_line():
global screen_color_matrix
global score
global level
new_matrix = [[None] * GRID_NUM_WIDTH for i in range(GRID_NUM_HEIGHT)]
index = GRID_NUM_HEIGHT - 1
n_full_line = 0
for i in range(GRID_NUM_HEIGHT - 1, -1, -1):
is_full = True
for j in range(GRID_NUM_WIDTH):
if screen_color_matrix[i][j] is None:
is_full = False
continue
if not is_full:
new_matrix[index] = screen_color_matrix[i]
index -= 1
else:
n_full_line += 1
score += n_full_line
level = score // 20 + 1
screen_color_matrix = new_matrix
def show_welcome(screen):
show_text(screen, u'俄罗斯方块', 30, WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2)
show_text(screen, u'按任意键开始游戏', 20, WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2 + 50)
running = True
gameover = True
counter = 0
live_cube = None
while running:
clock.tick(FPS)
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if gameover:
gameover = False
live_cube = CubeShape()
break
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
live_cube.left()
elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
live_cube.right()
elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
live_cube.down()
elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:
live_cube.rotate()
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
while live_cube.down() == True:
pass
remove_full_line()
# level 是为了方便游戏的难度，level 越高 FPS // level 的值越小
# 这样屏幕刷新的就越快，难度就越大
if gameover is False and counter % (FPS // level) == 0:
# down 表示下移骨牌，返回False表示下移不成功，可能超过了屏幕或者和之前固定的
# 小方块冲突了
if live_cube.down() == False:
for cube in live_cube.get_all_gridpos():
screen_color_matrix[cube[0]][cube[1]] = live_cube.color
live_cube = CubeShape()
if live_cube.conflict(live_cube.center):
gameover = True
score = 0
live_cube = None
screen_color_matrix = [[None] * GRID_NUM_WIDTH for i in range(GRID_NUM_HEIGHT)]
# 消除满行
remove_full_line()
counter += 1
# 更新屏幕
screen.fill(BLACK)
draw_grids()
draw_matrix()
draw_score()
if live_cube is not None:
live_cube.draw()
if gameover:
show_welcome(screen)
pygame.display.update()