Flutter(十一)JSON转Model

Flutter如何JSON转Model

在开发中,服务端通常给我们返回的是JSON数据,我们需要将JSON数据转成我们的模型对象来使用。

在Flutter中,有几种JSON转模型的方式,我们还是以豆瓣为例,来进行一个演练;

一. 豆瓣数据

这里我们使用豆瓣的请求地址:

  • https://douban.uieee.com/v2/movie/top250?start=0&count=20

在浏览器中请求,获取到的数据如下:

  • 注意:这里我使用了一个格式化插件:FeHelper,所以结构看起来很清晰
图片

这个数据还是比较复杂的:

  • 如果我们希望在Flutter代码中使用,直接将JSON转成Map来使用也可以,但是非常麻烦,而且类型会不容易确定,并且不安全;
  • 所以对于面向对象开发的语言,我们通常都会将它转成模型对象,之后使用一个个模型对象;

我们一起来探究一下,目前Flutter中比较常见的将JSON转成模型的方式。

二. 手动转化

JSON转模型,必然可以通过手动来进行转化:

  • 优点:完全是自己可控的,并且需要哪些字段就转化哪些字段,对于不需要的,忽略即可;并且继承关系也会一目了然
  • 缺点:麻烦,并且容易出错;

下面是我之前针对上面的数据,写的JSON转Model的模型类:

class Person {
  String name;
  String avatarURL;

  Person.fromMap(Map json) {
    this.name = json["name"];
    this.avatarURL = json["avatars"]["medium"];
  }
}

class Actor extends Person {
  Actor.fromMap(Map json): super.fromMap(json);
}

class Director extends Person {
  Director.fromMap(Map json): super.fromMap(json);
}

int counter = 1;

class MovieItem {
  int rank;
  String imageURL;
  String title;
  String playDate;
  double rating;
  List genres;
  List casts;
  Director director;
  String originalTitle;

  MovieItem.fromMap(Map json) {
    this.rank = counter++;
    this.imageURL = json["images"]["medium"];
    this.title = json["title"];
    this.playDate = json["year"];
    this.rating = json["rating"]["average"];
    this.genres = json["genres"].cast();
    this.casts = (json["casts"] as List).map((item) {
      return Actor.fromMap(item);
    }).toList();
    this.director = Director.fromMap(json["directors"][0]);
    this.originalTitle = json["original_title"];
  }
}

三. json_serializable

json_serializable是dart官方推荐和提供的JSON转Model的方式:

  • 一个自动化源代码生成器来为你生成 JSON 序列化数据模板;
  • 由于序列化数据代码不再需要手动编写或者维护,你可以将序列化 JSON 数据在运行时的异常风险降到最低;

第一步:添加相关的依赖

依赖分为项目依赖(dependencies),开发依赖(dev_dependencies):

  • 注意:需要执行flutter pub get确保我们的项目中有这些依赖
dependencies:
  json_annotation: ^3.0.1

dev_dependencies:
  json_serializable: ^3.2.5
  build_runner: ^1.8.0

第二步:以json_serializable 的方式创建模型类

这里不以豆瓣数据为例,以一个简单的Json数据作为例子

final jsonInfo = {
    "nickname": "coderwhy",
    "level": 18,
    "courses": ["语文", "数学", "英语"],
    "register_date": "2222-2-22",
    "computer": {
      "brand": "MackBook",
      "price": 1000
    }
  };

创建对应的模型(以json_serializable 的方式,创建完成后代码是报错的

  • 1.part 'user.g.dart'

  • 这个是之后json_serializable会自动帮助我们生成的文件

  • 2.JsonSerializable()

  • 注解:告诉json_serializable哪一个类需要进行转换

  • 3.JsonKey

  • 当映射关系不一样时,可以指定映射关系

  • 4.另外,这里必须有我们的构造方法

  • 5.需要有对应的工厂构造器

  • UserToJson(this)调用的该方法目前会报错,需要json_serializable来生成

  • 6.toString方法不是必须的,是待会儿进行测试的

User类的代码:

import 'package:json_annotation/json_annotation.dart';
import 'model/computer.dart';

part 'user.g.dart';

@JsonSerializable()
class User {
  String name;
  String email;
  @JsonKey(name: "register_date")
  String registerDate;
  List courses;
  Computer computer;

  User(this.name, this.email, this.registerDate, this.courses, this.computer);

  factory User.fromJson(Map json) => _$UserFromJson(json);
  Map toJson() => _$UserToJson(this);

  @override
  String toString() {
    return 'User{name: $name, email: $email, registerDate: $registerDate, courses: $courses, computer: $computer}';
  }
}

Computer类的代码:

import 'package:json_annotation/json_annotation.dart';

part 'computer.g.dart';

@JsonSerializable()
class Computer {
  String brand;
  double price;

  Computer(this.brand, this.price);

  factory Computer.fromJson(Map json) => _$ComputerFromJson(json);
  Map toJson() => _$ComputerToJson(this);

  @override
  String toString() {
    return 'Computer{brand: $brand, price: $price}';
  }
}

第三步:生成JSON序列化代码

在项目终端运行下面的指令:

  • 该指令是生成一次JSON序列化的代码
flutter pub run build_runner build

或运行下面的指令:

  • 会监听文件的改变,重新生成JSON序列化的代码
flutter pub run build_runner watch

第四步:测试代码

final jsonInfo = {
  "nickname": "coderwhy",
  "level": 18,
  "courses": ["语文", "数学", "英语"],
  "register_date": "2222-2-22",
  "computer": {
    "brand": "MackBook",
    "price": 1000
  }
};

final user = User.fromJson(jsonInfo);
print(user);

更多资料,请查看下面的资源:

  • dart:convertJsonCodec 文档
  • Pub 中的 json_serializable package
  • GitHub 中的 json_serializable 例子

四. 网页转换

目前有一些网页,可以直接将JSON转成Model

  • 网页推荐:
    1.https://javiercbk.github.io/json_to_dart/(已无法打开)
    2.https://app.quicktype.io

我们这里以网页版本为例,非常简单:

  • 注意:可能因为豆瓣的数据过于复杂,所以在生成的时候发现少了一个Directors类
  • 这里我重新复制对应的JSON,再次生成了一下
图片
class MovieItem {
  Rating rating;
  List genres;
  String title;
  List casts;
  List durations;
  int collectCount;
  String mainlandPubdate;
  bool hasVideo;
  String originalTitle;
  String subtype;
  List directors;
  List pubdates;
  String year;
  Avatars images;
  String alt;
  String id;

  MovieItem(
      {this.rating,
        this.genres,
        this.title,
        this.casts,
        this.durations,
        this.collectCount,
        this.mainlandPubdate,
        this.hasVideo,
        this.originalTitle,
        this.subtype,
        this.directors,
        this.pubdates,
        this.year,
        this.images,
        this.alt,
        this.id});

  MovieItem.fromJson(Map json) {
    rating =
    json['rating'] != null ? new Rating.fromJson(json['rating']) : null;
    genres = json['genres'].cast();
    title = json['title'];
    if (json['casts'] != null) {
      casts = new List();
      json['casts'].forEach((v) {
        casts.add(new Casts.fromJson(v));
      });
    }
    durations = json['durations'].cast();
    collectCount = json['collect_count'];
    mainlandPubdate = json['mainland_pubdate'];
    hasVideo = json['has_video'];
    originalTitle = json['original_title'];
    subtype = json['subtype'];
    if (json['directors'] != null) {
      directors = new List();
      json['directors'].forEach((v) {
        directors.add(new Directors.fromJson(v));
      });
    }
    pubdates = json['pubdates'].cast();
    year = json['year'];
    images =
    json['images'] != null ? new Avatars.fromJson(json['images']) : null;
    alt = json['alt'];
    id = json['id'];
  }

  Map toJson() {
    final Map data = new Map();
    if (this.rating != null) {
      data['rating'] = this.rating.toJson();
    }
    data['genres'] = this.genres;
    data['title'] = this.title;
    if (this.casts != null) {
      data['casts'] = this.casts.map((v) => v.toJson()).toList();
    }
    data['durations'] = this.durations;
    data['collect_count'] = this.collectCount;
    data['mainland_pubdate'] = this.mainlandPubdate;
    data['has_video'] = this.hasVideo;
    data['original_title'] = this.originalTitle;
    data['subtype'] = this.subtype;
    if (this.directors != null) {
      data['directors'] = this.directors.map((v) => v.toJson()).toList();
    }
    data['pubdates'] = this.pubdates;
    data['year'] = this.year;
    if (this.images != null) {
      data['images'] = this.images.toJson();
    }
    data['alt'] = this.alt;
    data['id'] = this.id;
    return data;
  }
}

class Rating {
  int max;
  double average;
  Details details;
  String stars;
  int min;

  Rating({this.max, this.average, this.details, this.stars, this.min});

  Rating.fromJson(Map json) {
    max = json['max'];
    average = json['average'];
    details =
    json['details'] != null ? new Details.fromJson(json['details']) : null;
    stars = json['stars'];
    min = json['min'];
  }

  Map toJson() {
    final Map data = new Map();
    data['max'] = this.max;
    data['average'] = this.average;
    if (this.details != null) {
      data['details'] = this.details.toJson();
    }
    data['stars'] = this.stars;
    data['min'] = this.min;
    return data;
  }
}

class Details {
  int i1;
  int i2;
  int i3;
  int i4;
  int i5;

  Details({this.i1, this.i2, this.i3, this.i4, this.i5});

  Details.fromJson(Map json) {
    i1 = json['1'];
    i2 = json['2'];
    i3 = json['3'];
    i4 = json['4'];
    i5 = json['5'];
  }

  Map toJson() {
    final Map data = new Map();
    data['1'] = this.i1;
    data['2'] = this.i2;
    data['3'] = this.i3;
    data['4'] = this.i4;
    data['5'] = this.i5;
    return data;
  }
}

class Casts {
  Avatars avatars;
  String nameEn;
  String name;
  String alt;
  String id;

  Casts({this.avatars, this.nameEn, this.name, this.alt, this.id});

  Casts.fromJson(Map json) {
    avatars =
    json['avatars'] != null ? new Avatars.fromJson(json['avatars']) : null;
    nameEn = json['name_en'];
    name = json['name'];
    alt = json['alt'];
    id = json['id'];
  }

  Map toJson() {
    final Map data = new Map();
    if (this.avatars != null) {
      data['avatars'] = this.avatars.toJson();
    }
    data['name_en'] = this.nameEn;
    data['name'] = this.name;
    data['alt'] = this.alt;
    data['id'] = this.id;
    return data;
  }
}

class Directors {
  Avatars avatars;
  String nameEn;
  String name;
  String alt;
  String id;

  Directors({this.avatars, this.nameEn, this.name, this.alt, this.id});

  Directors.fromJson(Map json) {
    avatars =
    json['avatars'] != null ? new Avatars.fromJson(json['avatars']) : null;
    nameEn = json['name_en'];
    name = json['name'];
    alt = json['alt'];
    id = json['id'];
  }

  Map toJson() {
    final Map data = new Map();
    if (this.avatars != null) {
      data['avatars'] = this.avatars.toJson();
    }
    data['name_en'] = this.nameEn;
    data['name'] = this.name;
    data['alt'] = this.alt;
    data['id'] = this.id;
    return data;
  }
}

class Avatars {
  String small;
  String large;
  String medium;

  Avatars({this.small, this.large, this.medium});

  Avatars.fromJson(Map json) {
    small = json['small'];
    large = json['large'];
    medium = json['medium'];
  }

  Map toJson() {
    final Map data = new Map();
    data['small'] = this.small;
    data['large'] = this.large;
    data['medium'] = this.medium;
    return data;
  }
}

五. 编辑器插件

目前也有一些AndroidStudio或者VSCode的插件,来帮助我们直接将JSON生成对应的Model

  • VSCode目前没有找到比较好用的插件推荐
  • Android Studio推荐FlutterJsonBeanFactory

第一步:安装插件

图片

第二步:创建模型

右键新建文件:

图片

给类起一个名字,并且将JSON复制过去

图片

第三步:使用生成的模型

创建完成后会生成对应的模型,并且还会生成一个文件夹,里面有生成模型过程的代码

  • 这里不再给出,代码都是相似的

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