RabbitMQ 入门教程
1. 引言
RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，实现了 AMQP 0-9-1 标准。本教程将指导你如何使用 Java 和 RabbitMQ 进行消息传递。
2. 安装与配置
2.1 安装 RabbitMQ
1. 下载:
```bash
wget https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-server/releases/download/v3.9.15/rabbitmq-server-generic-unix-3.9.15.tar.xz
```
2. 解压:
```bash
tar xf rabbitmq-server-generic-unix-3.9.15.tar.xz
```
3. 启动服务:
```bash
cd rabbitmq_server-3.9.15
./sbin/rabbitmq-server -detached
```
2.2 配置管理插件
```bash
./sbin/rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management
```
3. 创建虚拟主机与用户
```bash
rabbitmqctl add_vhost my_vhost
rabbitmqctl add_user my_user my_password
rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p my_vhost my_user ".*" ".*" ".*"
```
4. Java 客户端环境准备
4.1 添加依赖
```xml
com.rabbitmq
amqp-client
5.13.0
```
5. 生产者与消费者模型
5.1 发布/订阅 (Fanout)
5.1.1 Fanout Exchange
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class FanoutExchange {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
// Send
String message = "Hello World!";
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
}
}
}
```
5.1.2 Fanout Consumer
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
public class FanoutConsumer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
// Declare a random queue
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
// Bind the queue to the exchange
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
}
}
}
```
6. 工作队列 (Work Queues)
6.1 Work Queue Producer
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class WorkQueueProducer {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "work_queue";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, true, false, false, null);
String message = "Task message";
channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
}
}
}
```
6.2 Work Queue Consumer
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
public class WorkQueueConsumer {
private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "work_queue";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, true, false, false, null);
System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
try {
doWork(message);
} finally {
System.out.println(" [x] Done");
channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
}
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, false, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
}
}
private static void doWork(String task) {
for (char ch : task.toCharArray()) {
if (ch == '.') {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException _ignored) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}
}
}
}
```
7. 路由 (Routing)
7.1 Direct Exchange Producer
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class DirectExchangeProducer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "direct_logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "direct");
String severity = getSeverity(argv);
String message = getMessage(argv);
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, severity, null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + severity + "':'" + message + "'");
}
}
private static String getSeverity(String[] strings) {
if (strings.length < 1)
return "info";
return strings[0];
}
private static String getMessage(String[] strings) {
if (strings.length < 2)
return "Hello World!";
return joinStrings(strings, " ", 1);
}
private static String joinStrings(String[] strings, String delimiter, int startIndex) {
int length = strings.length;
if (length == 0 || length
return "";
StringBuilder words = new StringBuilder(strings[startIndex]);
for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < length; i++) {
words.append(delimiter).append(strings[i]);
}
return words.toString();
}
}
```
7.2 Direct Exchange Consumers
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
public class DirectExchangeConsumer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "direct_logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "direct");
String severity = getSeverity(argv);
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, severity);
System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages in '" + severity + "'. To exit press CTRL+C");
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
}
}
private static String getSeverity(String[] strings) {
if (strings.length < 1)
return "info";
return strings[0];
}
}
```
8. 主题交换机 (Topic Exchanges)
8.1 Topic Exchange Producer
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class TopicExchangeProducer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");
String routingKey = getRoutingKey(argv);
String message = getMessage(argv);
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routingKey, null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
System.out.println(" [x] Sent routingKey:'" + routingKey + "' message:'" + message + "'");
}
}
private static String getRoutingKey(String[] strings) {
if (strings.length < 1)
return "anonymous.info";
return strings[0];
}
private static String getMessage(String[] strings) {
if (strings.length < 2)
return "Hello World!";
return joinStrings(strings, " ", 1);
}
private static String joinStrings(String[] strings, String delimiter, int startIndex) {
int length = strings.length;
if (length == 0 || length
return "";
StringBuilder words = new StringBuilder(strings[startIndex]);
for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < length; i++) {
words.append(delimiter).append(strings[i]);
}
return words.toString();
}
}
```
8.2 Topic Exchange Consumers
```java
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
public class TopicExchangeConsumer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_logs";
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");
String bindingKey = getBindingKey(argv);
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, bindingKey);
System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
}
}
private static String getBindingKey(String[] strings) {
if (strings.length < 1)
return "anonymous.info";
return strings[0];
}
}