装饰器模式(Decorator Pattern)允许向一个现有的对象添加新的功能,同时又不改变其结构。这种类型的设计模式属于结构型模式,它是作为现有的类的一个包装。
装饰器模式通过将对象包装在装饰器类中,以便动态地修改其行为。
这种模式创建了一个装饰类,用来包装原有的类,并在保持类方法签名完整性的前提下,提供了额外的功能。
给一个形状(Shape)添加一个红色装饰器(RedShapeDecorator),且不改变Shape的实现类的代码结构。
接口:Shape
接口实现:Circle、Rectangle
抽象装饰类:ShapeDecorator(实现了Shape接口,且内部将Shape作为实例变量)
具体装饰类:RedShapeDecorator(继承ShapeDecorator)
应用:在DecoratorPatternDemo 类中使用 RedShapeDecorator 来装饰 Shape 对象。
public interface Shape {
void draw();
}
public class Rectangle implements Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Shape: Rectangle");
}
}
public class Circle implements Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Shape: Circle");
}
}
public abstract class ShapeDecorator implements Shape {
protected Shape decoratedShape;
public ShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape){
this.decoratedShape = decoratedShape;
}
public void draw(){
decoratedShape.draw();
}
}
public class RedShapeDecorator extends ShapeDecorator {
public RedShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape) {
super(decoratedShape);
}
@Override
public void draw() {
decoratedShape.draw();
setRedBorder(decoratedShape);
}
private void setRedBorder(Shape decoratedShape){
System.out.println("Border Color: Red");
}
}
public class DecoratorPatternDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape circle = new Circle();
ShapeDecorator redCircle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Circle());
ShapeDecorator redRectangle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Rectangle());
//Shape redCircle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Circle());
//Shape redRectangle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Rectangle());
System.out.println("Circle with normal border");
circle.draw();
System.out.println("\nCircle of red border");
redCircle.draw();
System.out.println("\nRectangle of red border");
redRectangle.draw();
}
}
Circle with normal border
Shape: Circle
Circle of red border
Shape: Circle
Border Color: Red
Rectangle of red border
Shape: Rectangle
Border Color: Red
动态地给一个对象添加额外的职责,同时不改变其结构。装饰器模式提供了一种灵活的替代继承方式来扩展功能。
装饰器模式可以替代继承,但应谨慎使用,避免过度装饰导致系统复杂。
装饰器模式包含以下几个核心角色:
装饰器模式通过嵌套包装多个装饰器对象,可以实现多层次的功能增强。每个具体装饰器类都可以选择性地增加新的功能,同时保持对象接口的一致性。