1.题目描述
Given two words (start and end), and a dictionary, find all shortest transformation sequence(s) from start to end, such that:Only one letter can be changed at a timeEach intermediate word must exist in the dictionaryFor example,Given:start = "hit"
end = "cog"
dict = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log"]Return[["hit","hot","dot","dog","cog"],["hit","hot","lot","log","cog"]]
2.解题思路
我一看到这个题目就觉得类似于最小生成树,应该用贪心算法来做,贪心算法的思路如下:
从start串出发,找出一次变换可以得到的string串的集合S1,如果集合S1中包含有end串,那么搜索结束,否则,搜索两步之内能到达的串的集合S2,同样判断两步之内能到达的串集合中是否有end串,以此类推,最终找到最短路径。另外,路径保存需要单独设置一个数据结构,
最终算法描述如下(类最小生成树):
- 将字典dict中的所有字符串分为左右两侧,一侧为leftside=start(实际编码不需存储),一侧为rightside=(dict-start),当前距start最远的节点,比如说从start i 步之内可达的节点集合curStep = start (因为初始是0步可达)。
- 计算nextStep,也就是 i+1 步可达的字符串集合,最简单的思路就是下面的思路,遍历curStep 遍历rightside,逐个比较,必然能找到nextStep,找到nextStep之后curStep 变成了nextStep,将nextStep 中的字符串从rightside里面抹去,nextStep清空继续寻找直至找到的nextStep或rightside为空(表示没有路径到end),或者end被发现。
于是有了下面的这份代码:
class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<string> > findLadders(string start, string end, unordered_set<string> &dict) {// end typing your C/C++ solution below
// DO NOT write int main() function
//[email protected]
map<string,vector<string> > path;unordered_set<string>leftside;
unordered_set<string>rightside=dict;
rightside.insert(start);rightside.insert(end);leftside.insert(start);rightside.erase(start);unordered_set<string>curStep;
unordered_set<string>nextStep;
curStep.insert(start);while(curStep.find(end)==curStep.end()&&!rightside.empty()){unordered_set<string>::iterator iter_us_cur;
unordered_set<string>::iterator iter_us_right;
for(iter_us_cur=curStep.begin();iter_us_cur!=curStep.end();++iter_us_cur)
{for(iter_us_right=rightside.begin();iter_us_right!=rightside.end();++iter_us_right)
{if(isCvtable(*iter_us_cur,*iter_us_right))
{if(path.find(*iter_us_cur)!=path.end())
{path[*iter_us_cur].push_back(*iter_us_right);}else
{vector<string> emptyV;
path[*iter_us_cur]=emptyV;path[*iter_us_cur].push_back(*iter_us_right);}nextStep.insert(*iter_us_right);}}}if(nextStep.empty())break;for(iter_us_right=nextStep.begin();iter_us_right!=nextStep.end();++iter_us_right)
{rightside.erase(*iter_us_right);}curStep = nextStep;nextStep.clear();}vector<vector<string> > result;
vector<string> temp;
if(curStep.find(end)!=curStep.end())
{output(path,start,end,result,temp);}return result;
}bool isCvtable(string str1,string str2){//cout<<"isCvtable: "<<str1<<str2<<endl;
if(str1.length()!=str2.length()){return false;}int count=0;
for(int i = 0;i<str1.length();++i){if(str1[i]!=str2[i])count++;
if(count>1)return false;}return count==1;
}void output(map<string,vector<string> >&path,string start,string end,vector<vector<string> >&result,vector<string> & temp){temp.push_back(start);if(start==end)
{result.push_back(temp);return;
}vector<string>::iterator iter_v;
for(iter_v=path[start].begin();iter_v!=path[start].end();++iter_v)
{output(path,*iter_v,end,result,temp);temp.pop_back();}}};
提交online judge之后,小数据集没问题,大数据集却TLE了,分析了一下,主要是从curStep求nextStep的过程太耗时,我这个是O(N2)的时间复杂度,结果如下:
挂掉的这个案例大概有3000个词,很大,分析了一下,题目给的参数是unordered_set是有用意的,unordered_set实际底层是个hash表,所以能够常数时间索引一个字符串,基于这个思路,在已知curStep、rightside求nextStep的过程中:
对每一个curStep中的字符串,假设长度为M,那么它的每位有25种变化,也就是每个单词有25*M中变化,那么时间复杂度就变成了O(MN),单词长度一般不会太大,所以这个是个线性的算法,分析完毕,我开始着手写算法:
class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<string> > findLadders(string start, string end, unordered_set<string> &dict) {// end typing your C/C++ solution below
// DO NOT write int main() function
//[email protected]
map<string,vector<string> > path;unordered_set<string>rightside=dict;
rightside.erase(start);unordered_set<string>curStep;
unordered_set<string>nextStep;
curStep.insert(start);while(curStep.find(end)==curStep.end()&&!rightside.empty()){unordered_set<string>::iterator iter_us_cur;
for(iter_us_cur=curStep.begin();iter_us_cur!=curStep.end();++iter_us_cur)
{string temp;
for(int i=0;i<(*iter_us_cur).length();++i){for(int j = 0;j<26;j++){temp = *iter_us_cur;if(temp[i]!=('a'+j)){temp[i] = ('a'+j);
}if(rightside.count(temp)==1)
{nextStep.insert(temp);if(path.find(*iter_us_cur)==path.end())
{vector<string> emptyV;
path.insert(make_pair(*iter_us_cur,emptyV));}path[*iter_us_cur].push_back(temp);}}}}if(nextStep.empty())break;unordered_set<string>::iterator iter_set;
for(iter_set=nextStep.begin();iter_set!=nextStep.end();++iter_set)
{rightside.erase(*iter_set);}curStep = nextStep;nextStep.clear();}vector<vector<string> > result;
vector<string> temp;
if(curStep.find(end)!=curStep.end())
{output(path,start,end,result,temp);}return result;
}void output(map<string,vector<string> >&path,string start,string end,vector<vector<string> >&result,vector<string> & temp){temp.push_back(start);if(start==end)
{result.push_back(temp);return;
}vector<string>::iterator iter_v;
for(iter_v=path[start].begin();iter_v!=path[start].end();++iter_v)
{output(path,*iter_v,end,result,temp);temp.pop_back();}}};
结果出来的一瞬间很美妙:
另外,输出结果的方式也有改进的余地,如图所示,程序中的path实际是这么一张图,实际就是一张邻接表。
我的算法是从start开始深度搜索,直至找到end,当搜索到的最后一个节点不是end的时候其实都是无效搜索(而且比重很大),所以可以把上述这幅图反过来,然后从end开始反向搜索,以空间换时间。