基于图片单元的D3DXSprite卷动实现1

卷动是一种在屏幕窗口中显示大的虚拟游戏世界的一小部分，然后通过移动窗口中的视图来表现游戏世界内位置变化的过程。卷动背景的真实力量来自名为铺砌(tiling)的技术，铺砌是这么一个过程，其中没有真正的背景，而是由图片单元阵列形成要显示的背景。换言之，这是个虚拟的背景，基于图片单元的卷动与完全位图型背景相比，只需非常少的内存。下面通过具体的代码讲解，程序基于前面的例子。第一个文件是DirectX.h，重新添加了对于控制器输入部分的支持，本来不需要的，但我去掉了相关代码后卷动就会出现问题，现在还不清楚是什么原因。

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 1 #pragma once
 2 
 3 //header files
 4 #define WIN32_EXTRA_LEAN
 5 #define DIRECTINPUT_VERSION 0x0800
 6 #include <windows.h>
 7 #include <d3d9.h>
 8 #include <d3dx9.h>
 9 #include <dinput.h>
 10 #include <xinput.h>
 11 #include <ctime>
 12 #include <iostream>
 13 #include <iomanip>
 14 using namespace std;  15 
 16 //libraries
 17 #pragma comment(lib,"winmm.lib")
 18 #pragma comment(lib,"user32.lib")
 19 #pragma comment(lib,"gdi32.lib")
 20 #pragma comment(lib,"dxguid.lib")
 21 #pragma comment(lib,"d3d9.lib")
 22 #pragma comment(lib,"d3dx9.lib")
 23 #pragma comment(lib,"dinput8.lib")
 24 #pragma comment(lib,"xinput.lib")
 25 
 26 //program values
 27 extern const string APPTITLE;  28 extern const int SCREENW;  29 extern const int SCREENH;  30 extern bool gameover;  31 
 32 //macro to detect key presses
 33 #define KEY_DOWN(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 1 : 0)
 34 
 35 //Direct3D objects
 36 extern LPDIRECT3D9 d3d;  37 extern LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 d3ddev;  38 extern LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 backbuffer;  39 extern LPD3DXSPRITE spriteobj;  40 
 41 //sprite structure
 42 struct SPRITE  43 {  44     float x,y;  45     int frame, columns;  46     int width, height;  47     float scaling, rotation;  48     int startframe, endframe;  49     int starttime, delay;  50     int direction;  51     float velx, vely;  52  D3DCOLOR color;  53 
 54  SPRITE()  55  {  56         frame = 0;  57         columns = 1;  58         width = height = 0;  59         scaling = 1.0f;  60         rotation = 0.0f;  61         startframe = endframe = 0;  62         direction = 1;  63         starttime = delay = 0;  64         velx = vely = 0.0f;  65         color = D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,255);  66  }  67 };  68 
 69 //Direct3D functions
 70 bool Direct3D_Init(HWND hwnd, int width, int height, bool fullscreen);  71 void Direct3D_Shutdown();  72 LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 LoadSurface(string filename);  73 void DrawSurface(LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 dest, float x, float y, LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 source);  74 LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 LoadTexture(string filename, D3DCOLOR transcolor = D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,0));  75 void Sprite_Draw_Frame(LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 texture, int destx, int desty,  76     int framenum, int framew, int frameh, int columns);  77 void Sprite_Animate(int &frame, int startframe, int endframe, int direction, int &starttime, int delay);  78 
 79 void Sprite_Transform_Draw(LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 image, int x, int y, int width, int height,  80     int frame = 0, int columns = 1, float rotation = 0.0f, float scaling = 1.0f,  81     D3DCOLOR color = D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,255));  82 
 83 //bounding box collision detection
 84 int Collision(SPRITE sprite1, SPRITE sprite2);  85 
 86 //distance based collision detection
 87 bool CollisionD(SPRITE sprite1, SPRITE sprite2);  88 
 89 //DirectInput objects, devices, and states
 90 extern LPDIRECTINPUT8 dinput;  91 extern LPDIRECTINPUTDEVICE8 dimouse;  92 extern LPDIRECTINPUTDEVICE8 dikeyboard;  93 extern DIMOUSESTATE mouse_state;  94 extern XINPUT_GAMEPAD controllers[4];  95 
 96 //DirectInput functions
 97 bool DirectInput_Init(HWND);  98 void DirectInput_Update();  99 void DirectInput_Shutdown(); 100 bool Key_Down(int); 101 int Mouse_Button(int); 102 int Mouse_X(); 103 int Mouse_Y(); 104 void XInput_Vibrate(int contNum = 0, int amount = 65535); 105 bool XInput_Controller_Found(); 106 
107 //game functions
108 bool Game_Init(HWND window); 109 void Game_Run(HWND window); 110 void Game_End(); 111 
112 
113 //font functions
114 LPD3DXFONT MakeFont(string name, int size); 115 void FontPrint(LPD3DXFONT font, int x, int y, string text, D3DCOLOR color = D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,255));

接着是DirectX.cpp文件，这个也是添加了对控制器输入支持的相关函数而已，其它的没什么改变。

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 1 #include "DirectX.h"
 2 #include <iostream>
 3 #include <string>
 4 using namespace std;  5 
 6 //Direct3D variables
 7 LPDIRECT3D9 d3d = NULL;  8 LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 d3ddev = NULL;  9 LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 backbuffer = NULL;  10 LPD3DXSPRITE spriteobj;  11 
 12 //DirectInput variables
 13 LPDIRECTINPUT8 dinput = NULL;  14 LPDIRECTINPUTDEVICE8 dimouse = NULL;  15 LPDIRECTINPUTDEVICE8 dikeyboard = NULL;  16 DIMOUSESTATE mouse_state;  17 char keys[256];  18 XINPUT_GAMEPAD controllers[4];  19 
 20 
 21 bool Direct3D_Init(HWND window, int width, int height, bool fullscreen)  22 {  23     //initialize Direct3D
 24     d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);  25     if (!d3d) return false;  26 
 27     //set Direct3D presentation parameters
 28  D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;  29     ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));  30     d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = window;  31     d3dpp.Windowed = (!fullscreen);  32     d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;  33     d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = 1;  34     d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8;  35     d3dpp.Flags = D3DPRESENTFLAG_DISCARD_DEPTHSTENCIL;  36     d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;  37     d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8;  38     d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;  39     d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = width;  40     d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = height;  41 
 42     //create Direct3D device
 43     d3d->CreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, window,  44         D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &d3dpp, &d3ddev);  45     if (!d3ddev) return false;  46 
 47 
 48     //get a pointer to the back buffer surface
 49     d3ddev->GetBackBuffer(0, 0, D3DBACKBUFFER_TYPE_MONO, &backbuffer);  50 
 51     //create sprite object
 52     D3DXCreateSprite(d3ddev, &spriteobj);  53 
 54     return 1;  55 }  56 
 57 void Direct3D_Shutdown()  58 {  59     if (spriteobj) spriteobj->Release();  60 
 61     if (d3ddev) d3ddev->Release();  62     if (d3d) d3d->Release();  63 }  64 
 65 void DrawSurface(LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 dest, float x, float y, LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 source)  66 {  67     //get width/height from source surface
 68  D3DSURFACE_DESC desc;  69     source->GetDesc(&desc);  70 
 71     //create rects for drawing
 72     RECT source_rect = {0, 0, (long)desc.Width, (long)desc.Height };  73     RECT dest_rect = { (long)x, (long)y, (long)x+desc.Width, (long)y+desc.Height};  74     
 75     //draw the source surface onto the dest
 76     d3ddev->StretchRect(source, &source_rect, dest, &dest_rect, D3DTEXF_NONE);  77 
 78 }  79 
 80 LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 LoadSurface(string filename)  81 {  82     LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 image = NULL;  83     
 84     //get width and height from bitmap file
 85  D3DXIMAGE_INFO info;  86     HRESULT result = D3DXGetImageInfoFromFile(filename.c_str(), &info);  87     if (result != D3D_OK)  88         return NULL;  89 
 90     //create surface
 91     result = d3ddev->CreateOffscreenPlainSurface(  92         info.Width,         //width of the surface
 93         info.Height,        //height of the surface
 94         D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8,    //surface format
 95         D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,    //memory pool to use
 96         &image,             //pointer to the surface
 97         NULL);              //reserved (always NULL)
 98 
 99     if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL; 100 
101     //load surface from file into newly created surface
102     result = D3DXLoadSurfaceFromFile( 103         image,                  //destination surface
104         NULL,                   //destination palette
105         NULL,                   //destination rectangle
106         filename.c_str(),       //source filename
107         NULL,                   //source rectangle
108         D3DX_DEFAULT,           //controls how image is filtered
109         D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,0),   //for transparency (0 for none)
110         NULL);                  //source image info (usually NULL) 111 
112     //make sure file was loaded okay
113     if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL; 114 
115     return image; 116 } 117 
118 
119 LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 LoadTexture(std::string filename, D3DCOLOR transcolor) 120 { 121     LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 texture = NULL; 122 
123     //get width and height from bitmap file
124  D3DXIMAGE_INFO info; 125     HRESULT result = D3DXGetImageInfoFromFile(filename.c_str(), &info); 126     if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL; 127 
128     //create the new texture by loading a bitmap image file
129  D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx( 130         d3ddev,                //Direct3D device object
131         filename.c_str(),      //bitmap filename
132         info.Width,            //bitmap image width
133         info.Height,           //bitmap image height
134         1,                     //mip-map levels (1 for no chain)
135         D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,       //the type of surface (standard)
136         D3DFMT_UNKNOWN,        //surface format (default)
137         D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,       //memory class for the texture
138         D3DX_DEFAULT,          //image filter
139         D3DX_DEFAULT,          //mip filter
140         transcolor,            //color key for transparency
141         &info,                 //bitmap file info (from loaded file)
142         NULL,                  //color palette
143         &texture );            //destination texture 144 
145     //make sure the bitmap textre was loaded correctly
146     if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL; 147 
148     return texture; 149 } 150 
151 
152 void Sprite_Draw_Frame(LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 texture, int destx, int desty, int framenum, int framew, int frameh, int columns) 153 { 154     D3DXVECTOR3 position( (float)destx, (float)desty, 0 ); 155     D3DCOLOR white = D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,255); 156 
157  RECT rect; 158      rect.left = (framenum % columns) * framew; 159     rect.top = (framenum / columns) * frameh; 160     rect.right = rect.left + framew; 161     rect.bottom = rect.top + frameh; 162 
163     spriteobj->Draw( texture, &rect, NULL, &position, white); 164 } 165 
166 void Sprite_Animate(int &frame, int startframe, int endframe, int direction, int &starttime, int delay) 167 { 168     if ((int)GetTickCount() > starttime + delay) 169  { 170         starttime = GetTickCount(); 171 
172         frame += direction; 173         if (frame > endframe) frame = startframe; 174         if (frame < startframe) frame = endframe; 175  } 176 } 177 void Sprite_Transform_Draw(LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 image, int x, int y, int width, int height, 178     int frame, int columns, float rotation, float scaling, D3DCOLOR color) 179 { 180     //create a scale vector
181  D3DXVECTOR2 scale( scaling, scaling ); 182 
183     //create a translate vector
184  D3DXVECTOR2 trans( x, y ); 185 
186     //set center by dividing width and height by two
187     D3DXVECTOR2 center( (float)( width * scaling )/2, (float)( height * scaling )/2); 188 
189     //create 2D transformation matrix
190  D3DXMATRIX mat; 191     D3DXMatrixTransformation2D( &mat, NULL, 0, &scale, &center, rotation, &trans ); 192     
193     //tell sprite object to use the transform
194     spriteobj->SetTransform( &mat ); 195 
196     //calculate frame location in source image
197     int fx = (frame % columns) * width; 198     int fy = (frame / columns) * height; 199     RECT srcRect = {fx, fy, fx + width, fy + height}; 200 
201     //draw the sprite frame
202     spriteobj->Draw( image, &srcRect, NULL, NULL, color ); 203 } 204 
205 //bounding box collision detection
206 int Collision(SPRITE sprite1, SPRITE sprite2) 207 { 208  RECT rect1; 209     rect1.left = (long)sprite1.x; 210     rect1.top = (long)sprite1.y; 211     rect1.right = (long)sprite1.x + sprite1.width * sprite1.scaling; 212     rect1.bottom = (long)sprite1.y + sprite1.height * sprite1.scaling; 213 
214  RECT rect2; 215     rect2.left = (long)sprite2.x; 216     rect2.top = (long)sprite2.y; 217     rect2.right = (long)sprite2.x + sprite2.width * sprite2.scaling; 218     rect2.bottom = (long)sprite2.y + sprite2.height * sprite2.scaling; 219 
220     RECT dest; //ignored
221     return IntersectRect(&dest, &rect1, &rect2); 222 } 223 
224 
225 bool CollisionD(SPRITE sprite1, SPRITE sprite2) 226 { 227     double radius1, radius2; 228 
229     //calculate radius 1
230     if (sprite1.width > sprite1.height) 231         radius1 = (sprite1.width * sprite1.scaling) / 2.0; 232     else
233         radius1 = (sprite1.height * sprite1.scaling) / 2.0; 234 
235     //center point 1
236     double x1 = sprite1.x + radius1; 237     double y1 = sprite1.y + radius1; 238  D3DXVECTOR2 vector1(x1, y1); 239 
240     //calculate radius 2
241     if (sprite2.width > sprite2.height) 242         radius2 = (sprite2.width * sprite2.scaling) / 2.0; 243     else
244         radius2 = (sprite2.height * sprite2.scaling) / 2.0; 245 
246     //center point 2
247     double x2 = sprite2.x + radius2; 248     double y2 = sprite2.y + radius2; 249  D3DXVECTOR2 vector2(x2, y2); 250 
251     //calculate distance
252     double deltax = vector1.x - vector2.x; 253     double deltay = vector2.y - vector1.y; 254     double dist = sqrt((deltax * deltax) + (deltay * deltay)); 255 
256     //return distance comparison
257     return (dist < radius1 + radius2); 258 } 259 
260 bool DirectInput_Init(HWND hwnd) 261 { 262     //initialize DirectInput object
263  DirectInput8Create( 264  GetModuleHandle(NULL), 265  DIRECTINPUT_VERSION, 266  IID_IDirectInput8, 267         (void**)&dinput, 268  NULL); 269 
270     //initialize the keyboard
271     dinput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysKeyboard, &dikeyboard, NULL); 272     dikeyboard->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIKeyboard); 273     dikeyboard->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_NONEXCLUSIVE | DISCL_FOREGROUND); 274     dikeyboard->Acquire(); 275 
276     //initialize the mouse
277     dinput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysMouse, &dimouse, NULL); 278     dimouse->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIMouse); 279     dimouse->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_NONEXCLUSIVE | DISCL_FOREGROUND); 280     dimouse->Acquire(); 281     d3ddev->ShowCursor(false); 282 
283     return true; 284 } 285 
286 void DirectInput_Update() 287 { 288     //update mouse
289     dimouse->Poll(); 290     if (!SUCCEEDED(dimouse->GetDeviceState(sizeof(DIMOUSESTATE),&mouse_state))) 291  { 292         //mouse device lose, try to re-acquire
293         dimouse->Acquire(); 294  } 295 
296     //update keyboard
297     dikeyboard->Poll(); 298     if (!SUCCEEDED(dikeyboard->GetDeviceState(256,(LPVOID)&keys))) 299  { 300         //keyboard device lost, try to re-acquire
301         dikeyboard->Acquire(); 302  } 303 
304     //update controllers
305     for (int i=0; i< 4; i++ ) 306  { 307         ZeroMemory( &controllers[i], sizeof(XINPUT_STATE) ); 308 
309         //get the state of the controller
310  XINPUT_STATE state; 311         DWORD result = XInputGetState( i, &state ); 312 
313         //store state in global controllers array
314         if (result == 0) controllers[i] = state.Gamepad; 315  } 316 } 317 
318 
319 int Mouse_X() 320 { 321     return mouse_state.lX; 322 } 323 
324 int Mouse_Y() 325 { 326     return mouse_state.lY; 327 } 328 
329 int Mouse_Button(int button) 330 { 331     return mouse_state.rgbButtons[button] & 0x80; 332 } 333 
334 bool Key_Down(int key) 335 { 336     return (bool)(keys[key] & 0x80); 337 } 338 
339 
340 void DirectInput_Shutdown() 341 { 342     if (dikeyboard) 343  { 344         dikeyboard->Unacquire(); 345         dikeyboard->Release(); 346         dikeyboard = NULL; 347  } 348     if (dimouse) 349  { 350         dimouse->Unacquire(); 351         dimouse->Release(); 352         dimouse = NULL; 353  } 354 } 355 
356 bool XInput_Controller_Found() 357 { 358  XINPUT_CAPABILITIES caps; 359     ZeroMemory(&caps, sizeof(XINPUT_CAPABILITIES)); 360     XInputGetCapabilities(0, XINPUT_FLAG_GAMEPAD, &caps); 361     if (caps.Type != 0) return false; 362     
363     return true; 364 } 365 
366 void XInput_Vibrate(int contNum, int amount) 367 { 368  XINPUT_VIBRATION vibration; 369     ZeroMemory( &vibration, sizeof(XINPUT_VIBRATION) ); 370     vibration.wLeftMotorSpeed = amount; 371     vibration.wRightMotorSpeed = amount; 372     XInputSetState( contNum, &vibration ); 373 } 374 
375 LPD3DXFONT MakeFont(string name, int size) 376 { 377     LPD3DXFONT font = NULL; 378 
379     D3DXFONT_DESC desc = { 380         size,                   //height
381         0,                      //width
382         0,                      //weight
383         0,                      //miplevels
384         false,                  //italic
385         DEFAULT_CHARSET,        //charset
386         OUT_TT_PRECIS,          //output precision
387         CLIP_DEFAULT_PRECIS,    //quality
388         DEFAULT_PITCH,          //pitch and family
389         ""                      //font name
390  }; 391 
392  strcpy(desc.FaceName, name.c_str()); 393 
394     D3DXCreateFontIndirect(d3ddev, &desc, &font); 395 
396     return font; 397 } 398 
399 void FontPrint(LPD3DXFONT font, int x, int y, string text, D3DCOLOR color) 400 { 401     //figure out the text boundary
402     RECT rect = { x, y, 0, 0 }; 403     font->DrawText( NULL, text.c_str(), text.length(), &rect, DT_CALCRECT, color); 404 
405     //print the text
406     font->DrawText(spriteobj, text.c_str(), text.length(), &rect, DT_LEFT, color); 407 }

下面是main.cpp文件，也没什么改变

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 1 #include "DirectX.h"
 2 using namespace std;  3 
 4 bool gameover = false;  5 
 6 //windows event handling function
 7 LRESULT CALLBACK WinProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)  8 {  9     switch (message) 10  { 11     case WM_DESTROY: 12         gameover = true; 13         PostQuitMessage(0); 14         return 0; 15  } 16 
17     return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam); 18 } 19 
20 
21 int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPreInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) 22 { 23     //set the windows properties
24  WNDCLASSEX wc; 25     wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); 26     wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; 27     wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WinProc; 28     wc.cbClsExtra = 0; 29     wc.cbWndExtra = 0; 30     wc.hInstance = hInstance; 31     wc.hIcon = NULL; 32     wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); 33     wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH); 34     wc.lpszMenuName = NULL; 35     wc.lpszClassName = APPTITLE.c_str(); 36     wc.hIconSm = NULL; 37     RegisterClassEx(&wc); 38 
39     //determine the resolution of the clients desktop screen
40     int screenWidth = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN); 41     int screenHeight = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN); 42 
43     //place the window in the middle of screen
44     int posX = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - SCREENW) / 2; 45     int posY = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - SCREENH) / 2; 46 
47     //Create a window
48  HWND window; 49     window = CreateWindow(APPTITLE.c_str(), APPTITLE.c_str(), 50         WS_CAPTION | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_SYSMENU, posX, posY, SCREENW, SCREENH, 51  NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL); 52     if (window == 0) 53         return false; 54 
55     //display the window
56  ShowWindow(window, nCmdShow); 57  UpdateWindow(window); 58 
59     //initialize the game
60     if (!Game_Init(window)) 61         return 0; 62 
63     //main message loop
64  MSG msg; 65     while (!gameover) 66  { 67         //process windows events
68         if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) 69  { 70             //handle any event messages
71             TranslateMessage(&msg); 72             DispatchMessage(&msg); 73  } 74 
75         //process game loop
76  Game_Run(window); 77  } 78 
79     //free game resources
80  Game_End(); 81 
82     return msg.wParam; 83 }

 

下面着重介绍有关卷动的部分game.cpp文件，这也是游戏逻辑实现部分，先看到开头部分。这里声明了很多变量，下面必须解释。我们使用的整个图片从逻辑上被分成了一个一个的方块，这张图片被称为精灵表，其中的方块被称为图片单元。TILEWIDTH与TILEHEIGT分别表示图片单元的宽度与高度，这里是64个像素；MAPWIDTH与MAPHEIGHT表示地图宽度与高度，这里表示我们的地图宽度为25个方格那么宽，既为25X64=1600个像素，而我创建的窗口宽度为1024，所以差了576个像素，这样就很容易实现卷动了。下面的WINDOWWIDTH的计算显得有点多余，GAMEWORLDWIDTH与GAMEWORLDHEIGHT表示整个地图大小。整个图片由变量gameworld表示，ScrollX与ScrollY表示绘制gameworld上所需部分的起始坐标，用于实现卷动。最后的重点是MAPDATA这个地图数据，我也不清楚这些数字代表什么意思，但看到了后面的代码后，你应该可以猜出来。

 1 #include "DirectX.h"
 2 #include <sstream>
 3 using namespace std;  4 
 5 const string APPTITLE = "Tile-Based Static Scrolling";  6 const int SCREENW = 1024;  7 const int SCREENH = 576;  8 
 9 LPD3DXFONT font; 10 
11 //settings for the scroller
12 const int TILEWIDTH = 64; 13 const int TILEHEIGHT = 64; 14 const int MAPWIDTH = 25; 15 const int MAPHEIGHT = 18; 16 
17 //scrolling window size
18 const int WINDOWWIDTH = (SCREENW / TILEWIDTH) * TILEWIDTH; 19 const int WINDOWHEIGHT = (SCREENH / TILEHEIGHT) * TILEHEIGHT; 20 
21 //entire game world dimensions
22 const int GAMEWORLDWIDTH = TILEWIDTH * MAPWIDTH;//25*64 = 1600
23 const int GAMEWORLDHEIGHT = TILEHEIGHT * MAPHEIGHT;//18*64 = 1152
24 
25 int ScrollX, ScrollY; 26 int SpeedX, SpeedY; 27 long start; 28 LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 gameworld = NULL; 29 
30 int MAPDATA[MAPWIDTH*MAPHEIGHT] = { 31     80,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81,81, 32     81,81,81,82,90,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,92,3,3,3,3,3,92,3, 33     92,90,3,13,83,96,3,3,23,3,92,3,13,92,3,3,3,3,3,3,11,3,13,3,3,92, 34     90,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,10,3,3,3,3,3,23,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,13,3,92,90,3,96, 35     3,13,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,96,3,23,3,96,3,3,92,90,3,3,3,3,3,3, 36     13,3,3,3,13,3,3,11,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,13,3,92,90,3,83,11,3,92,3,3,3, 37     3,3,11,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,83,3,3,3,92,92,90,3,3,3,96,3,13,3,3,3,11, 38     10,3,3,3,3,3,13,3,3,13,3,3,3,92,90,3,23,3,3,3,3,3,3,96,3,3,83, 39     3,3,3,92,3,3,3,3,3,13,3,92,90,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,23,3,3,3, 40     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,92,90,3,3,3,11,3,92,3,3,13,3,3,131,3,10,3,3,3,96, 41     3,92,3,96,3,92,90,3,13,83,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,13,3,3,3,3,3,3, 42     3,3,92,90,3,3,3,3,13,3,3,3,3,3,11,96,3,3,3,3,3,3,13,3,13,3,11, 43     92,90,92,3,13,3,3,3,3,3,3,92,3,10,3,23,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,92,90, 44     3,3,3,3,3,96,3,23,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,83,3,3,13,3,96,3,92,90,3,3,3, 45     3,92,3,3,3,3,3,13,3,3,3,13,3,3,3,11,3,3,3,3,92,90,3,13,3,3,3,3, 46     3,3,3,96,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,92,3,3,92,100,101,101,101,101,101, 47     101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101,101, 48     101,101,102
49 };

 

下面这个DrawTile函数用于绘制指定的图片单元，tilenum表示精灵表上有多少个图片单元，然后就可以计算矩形区域r1的left与top的坐标了，即先指定要绘制精灵表source上的哪一部分r1，然后指定目标窗口区域r2，这样就可以绘制了。

 1 void DrawTile(LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 source,    // source surface image
 2                 int tilenum,                // tile #
 3                 int width,                    // tile width
 4                 int height,                    // tile height
 5                 int columns,                // columns of tiles
 6                 LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 dest,    // destination surface
 7                 int destx,                    // destination x
 8                 int desty)                    // destination y
 9 { 10     
11     //create a RECT to describe the source image
12  RECT r1; 13     r1.left = (tilenum % columns) * width; 14     r1.top = (tilenum / columns) * height; 15     r1.right = r1.left + width; 16     r1.bottom = r1.top + height; 17     
18     //set destination rect
19     RECT r2 = {destx,desty,destx+width,desty+height}; 20     
21     //draw the tile 
22     d3ddev->StretchRect(source, &r1, dest, &r2, D3DTEXF_NONE); 23 }

 

下面的函数是用来初始化地图的，这里用Direct3D表面来加载图片到tiles中，然后创建表面gameworld，使用的参数是GAMEWORLDWIDTH与GAMEWORLDHEIGHT，所以这个表面挺大的。最后我们用两个for循环填充这个表面gameworld，生成我们所需的地图。注意，这里使用了地图数据MAPDATA，这个位置的参数在DrawTile中代表图片单元的个数，现在仿佛明白了为什么是80、81这些，不过还是不清楚是怎么来的。我们的columns为16，假设tilenum为81，那么根据DrawTile函数可以看出r1={1*64, 1*64, 128, 128}，这样就明白了它表示哪个图片单元了，但要得到这些数据仍然很麻烦。另外说明一下，我们可以使用Mappy这个小软件来制作这样的图片单元文件，还能导出数据，感兴趣的可以下载使用。

 1 void BuildGameWorld()  2 {  3  HRESULT result;  4     int x, y;  5  LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 tiles;  6     
 7     //load the bitmap image containing all the tiles
 8     tiles = LoadSurface("groundtiles.bmp");  9     
10     //create the scrolling game world bitmap
11     result = d3ddev->CreateOffscreenPlainSurface( 12         GAMEWORLDWIDTH,         //width of the surface
13         GAMEWORLDHEIGHT,        //height of the surface
14  D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8, 15  D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, 16         &gameworld,             //pointer to the surface
17  NULL); 18     
19     if (result != D3D_OK) 20  { 21         MessageBox(NULL,"Error creating working surface!","Error",0); 22         return; 23  } 24     
25     //fill the gameworld bitmap with tiles
26     for (y=0; y < MAPHEIGHT; y++) 27         for (x=0; x < MAPWIDTH; x++) 28             DrawTile(tiles, MAPDATA[y * MAPWIDTH + x], 64, 64, 16, 29             gameworld, x * 64, y * 64); 30         
31     //now the tiles bitmap is no longer needed
32     tiles->Release(); 33 }

 

下面是简单的初始化函数，还创建了字体font，调用了刚才的BuildGameWorld函数，初始化了变量start。

 1 bool Game_Init(HWND window)  2 {  3     Direct3D_Init(window, SCREENW, SCREENH, false);  4  DirectInput_Init(window);  5 
 6     //create pointer to the back buffer
 7     d3ddev->GetBackBuffer(0, 0, D3DBACKBUFFER_TYPE_MONO, &backbuffer);  8 
 9     //create a font
10     font = MakeFont("Arial", 24); 11 
12 
13  BuildGameWorld(); 14 
15     start = GetTickCount(); 16 
17     return true; 18 }

 

接着是简单的Game_End函数，用于释放资源，这里忘记了释放font变量，你可以自己加上。

1 void Game_End() 2 { 3     if (gameworld) gameworld->Release(); 4  DirectInput_Shutdown(); 5  Direct3D_Shutdown(); 6 }

 

下面这个ScrollScreen函数最为关键，用于实现卷动效果。代码已经讲了这么多了，基于图片单元的卷动的原理也很明显了。这个函数ScrollScreen在Game_Run函数中会被循环调用，这里的SpeedX其实一直都是0，我们在按下了方向键时才改变ScrollX与ScrollY的值。相对于整个地图gameworld，ScrollX与ScrollY表示我们的视口区域的左上角的坐标，if语句用于判断视口区域是否越界。最后定义了两个区域，r1代表视口区域，即相对于整个地图我们能看到的部分；r2代表整个窗口区域，使用StretchRect完成绘制。

 1 void ScrollScreen()  2 {  3     //update horizontal scrolling position and speed
 4     ScrollX += SpeedX;  5     if (ScrollX < 0)  6  {  7         ScrollX = 0;  8         SpeedX = 0;  9  } 10     else if (ScrollX > GAMEWORLDWIDTH - SCREENW) 11  { 12         ScrollX = GAMEWORLDWIDTH - SCREENW; 13         SpeedX = 0; 14  } 15     
16     //update vertical scrolling position and speed
17     ScrollY += SpeedY; 18     if (ScrollY < 0) 19  { 20         ScrollY = 0; 21         SpeedY = 0; 22  } 23     else if (ScrollY > GAMEWORLDHEIGHT - SCREENH) 24  { 25         ScrollY = GAMEWORLDHEIGHT - SCREENH; 26         SpeedY = 0; 27  } 28     
29     //set dimensions of the source image
30     RECT r1 = {ScrollX, ScrollY, ScrollX+SCREENW-1, ScrollY+SCREENH-1}; 31     
32     //set the destination rect
33     RECT r2 = {0, 0, SCREENW-1, SCREENH-1}; 34     
35     //draw the current game world view
36     d3ddev->StretchRect(gameworld, &r1, backbuffer, &r2, 37  D3DTEXF_NONE); 38 
39 }

 

最后是Game_Run函数，这里用wsad控制方向。我是照书上做的，最奇怪的是，如果去掉了对于控制器部分的支持，卷动就会出现问题，它会从左忽然卷到右边，从上忽然卷到下边，希望清楚的人告诉我原因。还有一点，我分明实现了对于ESCAPE的按键响应，但是运行时没有响应，希望有人研究一下，我现在还没时间。

 1 void Game_Run(HWND window)  2 {  3     if (!d3ddev) return;  4  DirectInput_Update();  5     d3ddev->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,0), 1.0f, 0);  6 
 7     //scroll based on key or controller input
 8     if (Key_Down(DIK_S))  9         ScrollY += 1; 10 
11     if (Key_Down(DIK_W)) 12         ScrollY -= 1; 13 
14     if (Key_Down(DIK_A)) 15         ScrollX -= 1; 16 
17     if (Key_Down(DIK_D)) 18         ScrollX += 1; 19 
20     //keep the game running at a steady frame rate
21     if (GetTickCount() - start >= 30) 22  { 23         //reset timing
24         start = GetTickCount(); 25 
26         //start rendering
27         if (d3ddev->BeginScene()) 28  { 29             //update the scrolling view
30  ScrollScreen(); 31         
32             spriteobj->Begin(D3DXSPRITE_ALPHABLEND); 33 
34  std::ostringstream oss; 35             oss << "Scroll Position = " << ScrollX << "," << ScrollY; 36             FontPrint(font, 0, 0, oss.str()); 37    
38             spriteobj->End(); 39 
40             //stop rendering
41             d3ddev->EndScene(); 42             d3ddev->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL); 43  } 44  } 45 
46     //to exit 
47     if (Key_Down(DIK_ESCAPE)) 48         gameover = true; 49 }

 

继续拿出截图与源代码，参考自游戏编程入门。