问题
当今如此对搜索引擎霸主的争夺战是如此激烈,像下边这样的网站地址很难在这场比赛中获胜:http://www.example.com/books/details?id=4
使用路由,网站可以变成这样:
http://www.example.com/20-recipes-for-mvc3
无论是对用户还是搜索引擎,这将提供更多的语境。
解决方案
使用RouteCollectionExtensions 类下的MapRoute 函数去生成更友好的名字去展示内容而不是数字ID。
讨论
在MVC中可以通过Web.config和Global.asax.cs文件设置路由。在web.config中包含System.Web.Routing程序集并且在Global.asax.cs中使用它去对在它其中的所有controller和action创建一个默认的路由机制。因此在添加BooksController的时候,可以通过/Books 访问不带扩展名的 URL,就像在ASP.NET 官网那样。
接下来的秘方将演示设立几个不同的有用的技术去创建路由。
第一个路由将允许网站直接连接到book的title上。例如,有一本书叫MVC3的20个秘方,它可以通过http://localhost/20 Recipes for Programming MVC 3这个地址被直接访问。然而当前的解决方案就需要一个更复杂的URL就像:http://localhost/Books/Details?id=1。要开始创建这个路由,打开在MVC project里的Global.asax.cs文件。在RegisterRoutes()函数里创建里了一个默认的路由。在第一次加载网站的时候Application_Start()函数会调用它。下边的例子包含一个更新的RegisterRoutes 函数,添加了一个新的路由到MapRoute函数中:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;
using MvcApplication.Models;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Threading;
namespace MvcApplication
{
public class MvcApplication : System.Web.HttpApplication
{
public static void RegisterGlobalFilters(
GlobalFilterCollection filters)
{
filters.Add(new HandleErrorAttribute());
}
public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
{
routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
routes.MapRoute(
"BookName", // Route name
"{Keyword}", // URL with parameters
new
{
controller = "Books",
action = "Index",
id = UrlParameter.Optional
},
new { Keyword = "\\w+" });
routes.MapRoute(
"Default", // Route name
"{controller}/{action}/{id}",
// URL with parameters
new
{
controller = "Home",
action = "Index",
id = UrlParameter.Optional
}
);
}
protected void Application_Start()
{
Database.SetInitializer<BookDBContext>(
new BookInitializer());
AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilters.Filters);
RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
}
protected void Application_AcquireRequestState(
object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (HttpContext.Current.Session != null)
{
CultureInfo ci =
(CultureInfo)this.Session["CurrentLanguage"];
if (ci == null)
{
ci = new CultureInfo("en");
this.Session["CurrentLanguage"] = ci;
}
Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = ci;
Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture =
CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture(ci.Name);
}
}
}
}
在上边的例子里,MapRoute 函数接收4个参数。
当搜索关键字时,他可以在URL的域名后边输入一个书名或关键字,如果仅仅返回了一个结果,用户将被重定向到详细信息页面,并看到那本书。否则用户将看到一个根据他关键字的搜索结果。在下一个例子里。一个新的路由将被创建。它将口占RouteBase类。均需一个更复杂的路由。将用一个子域名替代在域名后边输入书名。例如 http://mvc3book.localhost/ 将返回上述图书的详细内容-MVC3编程的20个秘方。
为了让这成为可能,BOOK model 需要被更新去包含一个新的参数,名为“ShortName”。 此参数将被用来作为子域,并允许书籍通过创建扩展的RouteBase类的类进行搜索。
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using MvcApplication.Validations;
namespace MvcApplication.Models
{
public class Book
{
public int ID { get; set; }
[Required]
public string ShortName { get; set; }
[Required]
[Display(Name = "TitleDisplay", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Resource1))]
public string Title { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "IsbnDisplay", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Resource1))]
[Required]
[IsbnValidation]
public string Isbn { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "SummaryDisplay", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Resource1))]
[Required]
public string Summary { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "AuthorDisplay", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Resource1))]
[Required]
public string Author { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "ThumbnailDisplay", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Resource1))]
public string Thumbnail { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "PriceDisplay", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Resource1))]
[Range(1, 100)]
public double Price { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "PublishedDisplay", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Resource1))]
[DataType(DataType.Date)]
[Required]
public DateTime Published { get; set; }
}
}
现在必须创建一个新的类将包含新的路由背后的逻辑。选择Utils文件夹中,右键单击并选择“添加→类。这个新的类将被称为BookDomainRoute.cs。下面的类将从Request.Headers为当前HttpContext检索域名。该域名将被.”操作符的分成“数组。执行一些错误检查以确保我们有一个子域名不是WWW。
第一块子域,例如,ShortName,是用来执行书本上表的搜索,找到特定书籍。如果查找到了书籍,创建一个新的对象类RouteData,设置Controller为Books,Action 设置为Detail,最后的ID是这本书的ID。如果没有找到书籍,主页将显示出来。在下面的例子,它可以很容易改变以直接导航用户到一个错误页或根据Keyword 跳转到Books/index 页(在前面的例子)。
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Routing;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using MvcApplication.Models;
namespace MvcApplication.Utils
{
public class BookDomainRoute : RouteBase
{
private BookDBContext db = new BookDBContext();
public override RouteData GetRouteData(HttpContextBase httpContext)
{
// Get the domain name
var url = httpContext.Request.Url.Authority;
// Split into array of parts
var pieces = url.Split('.');
// Ensure there is a subdomain and it's not www
if (pieces.Length < 2 && pieces[0] != "www")
{
return null;
}
string ShortName = pieces[0];
// Find the book by ShortName
var books = from b in db.Books select b;
books = books.Where(b => b.ShortName.ToUpper().Contains(ShortName.ToUpper()));
// Check to make sure a book was found
if (books.Count() == 0)
{
return null;
}
// Get the first result
Book book = books.First();
// Set the route data
RouteData routeData = new RouteData(this, new MvcRouteHandler());
routeData.Values.Add("controller", "Books");
routeData.Values.Add("action", "Details");
routeData.Values.Add("id", book.ID);
return routeData;
}
public override VirtualPathData GetVirtualPath(RequestContext requestContext, RouteValueDictionary values)
{
return null;
}
}
}
最后Global.asax.cs文件必须再次更新,包括新创建的路由。为了使新的路由类可以找到。需要添加using语句到utils目录。
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;
using MvcApplication.Models;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Threading;
using MvcApplication.Utils;
namespace MvcApplication
{
// Note: For instructions on enabling IIS6 or IIS7 classic mode,
// visit http://go.microsoft.com/?LinkId=9394801
public class MvcApplication : System.Web.HttpApplication
{
public static void RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilterCollection filters)
{
filters.Add(new HandleErrorAttribute());
}
public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
{
routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
routes.Add(new BookDomainRoute());
routes.MapRoute(
"BookName", // Route name
"{Keyword}", // URL with parameters
new { controller = "Books", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }, // Parameter defaults
new { Keyword = "\\w+" });
routes.MapRoute(
"Default", // Route name
"{controller}/{action}/{id}", // URL with parameters
new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional } // Parameter defaults
);
}
protected void Application_Start()
{
Database.SetInitializer<BookDBContext>(new BookInitializer());
AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilters.Filters);
RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
String connectionString = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["BooksDBContext"].ConnectionString;
System.Web.Caching.SqlCacheDependencyAdmin.EnableNotifications(connectionString);
System.Web.Caching.SqlCacheDependencyAdmin.EnableTableForNotifications(connectionString, "Books");
}
protected void Application_AcquireRequestState(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (HttpContext.Current.Session != null)
{
CultureInfo ci = (CultureInfo)this.Session["CurrentLanguage"];
if (ci == null)
{
ci = new CultureInfo("en");
this.Session["CurrentLanguage"] = ci;
}
Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = ci;
Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture(ci.Name);
}
}
}
}
上述的例子包含良好的使用路由的伟大的开始。两者都可以很容易地更新执行其他路由,例如,子域名可以用来显示用户的特定的个人资料页,或以前实施的多语种秘方可更新为使用一个路由类允许象en.example.com或fr.example.com一样的URL设置当前的语言文化。
另请参见
RouteCollectionExtension, RouteData