sql是非过程语言,在编程中总是会用到过程化控制,PL/SQL就是提供了过程化控制的语言来弥补SQL语言的这一点缺陷。
PL/SQL 语句在后面的执行中 pl/sql语句由 PL/SQL引擎执行,SQL语句由 sql引擎执行。PL/SQL 集成了过程化与SQL一起使用, 提高了性能,因为一个过程执行完成后,
统一返回结果。减少了数据的传输。如下图所示:
PL/SQL块由四个部分组成;
1:DECLARE(optional)可有可无 用于生命 变量(variables) , 游标(cursors),用户自定义异常( user-defined exceptions)等。
2:BEGIN(mandatory) 必有:begin里面是 SQL 语句和PL/SQL语句
3:EXCEPTION (optional)可选择的,当出现错误的时候执行,
4:END; (mandatory)必有
函数和过程的区别是: function 需要有返回值, 而 procedure 没有返回值
PL/SQL的变量的规则查询官方文档
注意:非空变量和常量必须对其进行初始化,例如:
v_myname varchar2(20) := 'Hooo'
v_myname varchar2(20) default 'HOOO'
关于 %TYPE类型声明
%TYPE 用法:identifier table.column_name %TYPE
ex:
emp_lname employees.last_name%TYPE
也可以和声明的变量的名称相同:
balance NUMBER(7,2);
min_balance balance%TYPE := 1000;
注意: 关于oracle中的boolean: boolean 变量可以有三种类型: TRUE,FALSE,NULL
关于绑定变量(又叫session变量)
绑定变量:
和环境相关:
ex:
VARIABLE b_emp_salary NUMBER BEGIN select salary into :b_emp_salary from employees where employee_id=178; END;PL/SQL支持嵌入块;
A cursors is a pointer used to fetch rows from a result set. One can think of a cursor as a data structure that describes the results returned from a SQL SELECT statement. One of the variables in this structure is a pointer to the next record to be fetched from the query results.
Note that if you do repetitive stuff inside a loop and you fail to close your cursors, you would soon run into the ORA-01000: maximum number of open cursors exceeded error.
游标有两种类型: 隐式游标和显式游标 ,隐式游标: 有oracle服务器进行创建和管理,显式游标: 编程人员要进行声明和创建;显式游标和隐式游标
游标的属性:
SQL%FOUND 至少一条记录在sql 语句的操作中受到影响
SQL%NOTFOUND 和%FOUND相反
SQL%ROWCOUNT
关于游标需要单独深入研究
IF condition THEN statements ELSIF condition THEN statements ELSE statements END IF;
SQL> declare 2 v_myage number; 3 begin 4 IF v_myage < 11 THEN 5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('I am a child !'); 6 ELSE 7 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('I am not a a child'); 8 END IF; 9 END; 10 / PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。 SQL> set serveroutput on SQL> / I am not a a child PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。初始化时为null:
SQL> declare 2 v_myage number; 3 begin 4 IF v_myage IS NULL THEN 5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('I am a child !'); 6 ELSE 7 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('I am not a a child'); 8 END IF; 9 END; 10 / I am a child ! PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
CASE selector WHEN expression1 THEN result1 WHEN expression2 THEN result2 ......... WHEN expressionN THEN resultN [ELSE resultN+1] END;
SQL> SET VERIFY OFF SQL> DECLARE 2 v_grade CHAR(1) := UPPER('&grade'); 3 v_appraisal VARCHAR2(20); 4 5 BEGIN 6 v_appraisal := CASE v_grade 7 WHEN 'A' THEN 'Excellent' 8 WHEN 'B' THEN 'Very Good' 9 WHEN 'C' THEN 'Good' 10 ELSE 'NO such grde' 11 END; 12 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Grade: '|| v_grade || ' Apprasisal ' || v_appraisal) ; 13 END; 14 / 输入 grade 的值: A Grade: A Apprasisal Excellent PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。第二种 CASE 同样的例子比较一下,第二种CASE没有选择符 WHEN后面直接加判断即可
SQL> DECLARE 2 v_grade CHAR(1) := UPPER('&grade'); 3 v_appraisal VARCHAR2(20); 4 5 BEGIN 6 v_appraisal := CASE 7 WHEN v_grade = 'A' THEN 'Excellent' 8 WHEN v_grade IN ('B','C') THEN 'Very Good' 9 10 ELSE 'NO such grde' 11 END; 12 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Grade: '|| v_grade || ' Apprasisal ' || v_appraisal) ; 13 END; 14 / 输入 grade 的值: B Grade: B Apprasisal Very Good PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
null的另一个用法: DECLARE ..... BEGIN IF condition then goto lastpoint END IF; ....... <<lastpoint>> --这个标签后必须有语句,所以 可以用null来表示。 null; END;
LOOP statement1; EXIT [WHEN condition]; END LOOP
WHILE condition LOOP statement1; statement2; ...... END LOOP;
FOR counter IN [REVERSE]--REVERSE代表倒过来 lover_bound...upper_bound LOOP statement1; statement2; ............ END LOOP; FOR循环的步长必须是1。
SQL> DECLARE 2 v_total NUMBER :=0; 3 BEGIN 4 <<BeforeTopLoop>> 5 FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP 6 v_total := v_total+1; 7 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total is:' || v_total); 8 FOR j in 1..10 LOOP 9 CONTINUE BeforeTopLoop WHEN i+j > 5; 10 v_total := v_total +1; 11 END LOOP; 12 END LOOP; 13 END; 14 / Total is:1 Total is:6 Total is:10 Total is:13 Total is:15 Total is:16 Total is:17 Total is:18 Total is:19 Total is:20 PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> BEGIN 2 GOTO second_output; 3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This line will never execute.'); 4 <<second_output>> 5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('We are here!'); 6 END; 7 / We are here! PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
记录声明; TYPE type_name IS RECORD (field_declaration[,field_declaration]......); identifier type_name; 域的声明 field_declaration; field_name { field_type|variable%TYPE| table.column%TYPE|table%ROWTYPE} [[NOT NULL]{:= | DEFAULT} expr] }
SQL> DECLARE 2 person employees%ROWTYPE; 3 BEGIN 4 select * INTO person FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 100; 5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: '||person.first_name); 6 END; 7 / Name: Steven PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
首先创建表: SQL> create table retired_emps(empno number(6),ename varchar(25),job varchar(10) ,mgr number(6) , hiredate date,leavedate date,sal number(8,2),comm number(2,2),d eptno number(4)); 表已创建。
SQL> select * from retired_emps; 未选定行 SQL> DECLARE 2 v_employee_number number :=124; 3 v_emp_rec retired_emps%ROWTYPE; 4 5 BEGIN 6 SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,manager_id, 7 hire_date,sysdate,salary,commission_pct,department_id INTO 8 v_emp_rec FROM employees WHERE employee_id = v_employee_number; 9 INSERT INTO retired_emps VALUES v_emp_rec; 10 END; 11 / PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。 SQL> select * from retired_emps; EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE ---------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- -------------- LEAVEDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO -------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 124 Mourgos ST_MAN 100 16-11月-99 08-6月 -13 5800 50
create table cust_sales_roundup( customer_id NUMBER(5), customer_name VARCHAR2(100), total_sales NUMBER(15,2) );
SQL> DECLARE 2 cust_sales_roundup_rec cust_sales_roundup%ROWTYPE; 3 CURSOR cust_sales_cur is SELECT * FROM cust_sales_roundup; 4 cust_sales_rec cust_sales_cur % ROWTYPE; 5 6 TYPE customer_sales_rectype is RECORD 7 ( 8 customer_id NUMBER(5), 9 customer_name cust_sales_roundup.customer_name%TYPE, 10 total_sales NUMBER(15,2) 11 ); 12 13 prefererred_cust_rec customer_sales_rectype; 14 15 BEGIN 16 --Assign one recored to another 17 cust_sales_roundup_rec := cust_sales_rec; 18 prefererred_cust_rec := cust_sales_rec; 19 END; 20 / PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
TYPE type_name IS TABLE OF { column_type | variable%TYPE |table.column%TYPE} [NOT NULL] |INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER | BINARY_INTEGER |VARCHAR2(<size>); } identifier type_name;
SQL> DECLARE 2 TYPE list_of_names_t IS TABLE OF employees.first_name%TYPE 3 INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER; 4 happyfamily list_of_names_t; 5 l_row PLS_INTEGER; 6 7 BEGIN 8 happyfamily(2020202) := 'topwqp'; 9 happyfamily(-15070) := 'Steven'; 10 happyfamily(-90900) :='Chris'; 11 happyfamily(88) := 'Veva'; 12 13 l_row := happyfamily.FIRST; 14 WHILE(l_row IS NOT NULL) 15 LOOP 16 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_row || '-->' || happyfamily(l_row)); 17 l_row := happyfamily.NEXT(l_row); 18 END LOOP; 19 20 l_row := 88; 21 22 IF happyfamily.EXISTS(l_row) THEN 23 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('It is here!---->' || happyfamily(l_row)); 24 ELSE 25 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('It is not here !---->'|| happyfamily(l_row)) ; 26 END IF; 27 END; 28 / -90900-->Chris -15070-->Steven 88-->Veva 2020202-->topwqp It is here!---->Veva PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。关联数组相关的方法:
SQL> DECLARE 2 TYPE emp_table_type IS TABLE OF 3 employees%ROWTYPE INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER; 4 my_emp_table emp_table_type; 5 max_count NUMBER(3) := 104; 6 BEGIN 7 FOR i IN 100..max_count 8 LOOP 9 SELECT * INTO my_emp_table(i) FROM employees 10 WHERE employee_id = i; 11 END LOOP; 12 13 FOR i IN my_emp_table.FIRST..my_emp_table.LAST 14 LOOP 15 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(my_emp_table(i).last_name); 16 END LOOP; 17 END; 18 / King Kochhar De Haan Hunold Ernst PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> DECLARE 2 SUBTYPE location_t IS VARCHAR2(64); 3 TYPE population_type IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY location_t; 4 5 l_country_population population_type; 6 l_count PLS_INTEGER; 7 l_location location_t; 8 BEGIN 9 l_country_population('Greeland') := 100000; 10 l_country_population('USA') := 3000000000; 11 l_country_population('Iceland') := 750000; 12 l_country_population('Australia') := 230000000; 13 l_country_population('usa') := 40000000; 14 15 l_count := l_country_population.COUNT; 16 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('COUNT='||l_count); 17 18 l_location := l_country_population.FIRST; 19 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Row ='||l_location); 20 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Value='||l_country_population(l_location) ); 21 22 l_location := l_country_population.LAST; 23 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('LAST Row ='||l_location); 24 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('LAST Value='||l_country_population(l_location)) ; 25 END; 26 / COUNT=5 First Row =Australia First Value=230000000 LAST Row =usa LAST Value=40000000 PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> DECLARE 2 CURSOR c_emp_cursor IS 3 SELECT employee_id, last_name FROM employees 4 WHERE department_id =30; 5 v_emp_record c_emp_cursor%ROWTYPE; 6 BEGIN 7 OPEN c_emp_cursor; 8 LOOP 9 FETCH c_emp_cursor INTO v_emp_record; 10 EXIT WHEN c_emp_cursor%NOTFOUND; 11 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_emp_record.employee_id ||' ' ||v_emp_record.la st_name); 12 END LOOP; 13 CLOSE c_emp_cursor; 14 END; 15 / 114 Raphaely 115 Khoo 116 Baida 117 Tobias 118 Himuro 119 Colmenares PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> BEGIN 2 FOR i IN (SELECT employee_id,last_name FROM employees WHERE department_i d =30 ) 3 LOOP 4 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i.employee_id ||'---->'||i.last_name); 5 END LOOP; 6 END; 7 / 114---->Raphaely 115---->Khoo 116---->Baida 117---->Tobias 118---->Himuro 119---->Colmenares PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> DECLARE 2 TYPE emp_type IS TABLE OF employees%ROWTYPE INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER; 3 l_emp emp_type; 4 l_row PLS_INTEGER; 5 BEGIN 6 SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO l_EMP FROM employees; 7 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The count is: '|| l_emp.COUNT); 8 l_row := l_emp.FIRST; 9 WHILE(l_row IS NOT NULL) 10 LOOP 11 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_row || ':'||l_emp(l_row).employee_id||'---->'| |l_emp(l_row).first_name); 12 l_row:=l_emp.NEXT(l_row); 13 END LOOP; 14 END; 15 / The count is: 107 1:198---->Donald 2:199---->Douglas 3:200---->Jennifer 4:201---->Michael 5:202---->Pat 6:203---->Susan 7:204---->Hermann 8:205---->Shelley 9:206---->William 10:100---->Steven 11:101---->Neena 12:102---->Lex 13:103---->Alexander 14:104---->Bruce 15:105---->David 16:106---->Valli 17:107---->Diana 18:108---->Nancy 19:109---->Daniel 20:110---->John 21:111---->Ismael 22:112---->Jose Manuel 23:113---->Luis 24:114---->Den 25:115---->Alexander 26:116---->Shelli 27:117---->Sigal 28:118---->Guy 29:119---->Karen 30:120---->Matthew 31:121---->Adam 32:122---->Payam 33:123---->Shanta 34:124---->Kevin 35:125---->Julia 36:126---->Irene 37:127---->James 38:128---->Steven 39:129---->Laura 40:130---->Mozhe 41:131---->James 42:132---->TJ 43:133---->Jason 44:134---->Michael 45:135---->Ki 46:136---->Hazel 47:137---->Renske 48:138---->Stephen 49:139---->John 50:140---->Joshua 51:141---->Trenna 52:142---->Curtis 53:143---->Randall 54:144---->Peter 55:145---->John 56:146---->Karen 57:147---->Alberto 58:148---->Gerald 59:149---->Eleni 60:150---->Peter 61:151---->David 62:152---->Peter 63:153---->Christopher 64:154---->Nanette 65:155---->Oliver 66:156---->Janette 67:157---->Patrick 68:158---->Allan 69:159---->Lindsey 70:160---->Louise 71:161---->Sarath 72:162---->Clara 73:163---->Danielle 74:164---->Mattea 75:165---->David 76:166---->Sundar 77:167---->Amit 78:168---->Lisa 79:169---->Harrison 80:170---->Tayler 81:171---->William 82:172---->Elizabeth 83:173---->Sundita 84:174---->Ellen 85:175---->Alyssa 86:176---->Jonathon 87:177---->Jack 88:178---->Kimberely 89:179---->Charles 90:180---->Winston 91:181---->Jean 92:182---->Martha 93:183---->Girard 94:184---->Nandita 95:185---->Alexis 96:186---->Julia 97:187---->Anthony 98:188---->Kelly 99:189---->Jennifer 100:190---->Timothy 101:191---->Randall 102:192---->Sarah 103:193---->Britney 104:194---->Samuel 105:195---->Vance 106:196---->Alana 107:197---->Kevin PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
DECLARE CURSOR ee IS SELECT * FROM employees; TYPE emp_type IS TABLE OF ee%ROWTYPE INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER; l_emp emp_type; l_row PLS_INTEGER; BEGIN OPEN ee; FETCH ee BULK COLLECT INTO l_emp; CLOSE ee; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The count is: '|| l_emp.COUNT); l_row := l_emp.FIRST; WHILE(l_row IS NOT NULL) LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_row || ':'||l_emp(l_row).employee_id||'---->'||l_emp(l_row).first_name); l_row:=l_emp.NEXT(l_row); END LOOP; END;