Requests是Python基于Apache2 Licensed许可证的人性化HTTP库。
Python标准库中urllib2提供了不少HTTP 功能,但API不系统。它有点过时,完成最简单的任务也需要大量工作。
下面我们用实例演示访问github。
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('[email protected]', 'password')) >>> r.status_code 200 >>> r.headers['content-type'] 'application/json; charset=utf-8' >>> r.encoding 'utf-8' >>> r.text u'{"login":"oychw",...}' >>> r.json() {u'disk_usage': 176, u'private_gists': 0, ...}
Requests为Python处理了所有HTTP/1.1操作, 与Web服务的无缝集成。不需要为URL手动添加查询字符串或POST数据进行表单处理。基于urllib3, 能自动处理Keep-alive和HTTP连接池。
特点:
国际化域名和 URLs
Keep-Alive & 连接池
持久的 Cookie 会话
类浏览器的SSL认证
基本/摘要式的身份认证
优雅的键/值 Cookie
自动解压
Unicode响应体
多段文件上传
连接超时
支持 .netrc
适用于 Python 2.6—3.4
线程安全
Requests关注PEP 20的部分:
Beautiful is better than ugly.(美丽优于丑陋)
Explicit is better than implicit.(明确优于含糊)
Simple is better than complex.(简单优于复杂)
Complex is better than complicated.(复杂优于繁琐)
Readability counts.(可读性)
安装: 推荐:pip install requests,其次:easy_install requests
最新代码:
git clone git://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git
下载tar.gz包:curl -OL https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/tarball/master
下载zip包:curl -OL https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/zipball/master
源码安装:python setup.py install
发送请求:
下面获取Github的公共时间线,并在httpbin演示其他HTTP操作:
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post") >>> r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put") >>> r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete") >>> r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get") >>> r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
在URL中传递参数
URL的查询字符串(query string)例如, httpbin.org/get?key=val,在Requests可以用字典的形式构建。比如传递key1=value1和key2=value2到 httpbin.org/get:
>>> import requests >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} >>> r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) >>> print(r.url) http://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1 >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2[]': ['value2', 'value3']} >>> r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) >>> print(r.url) http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2%5B%5D=value2&key2%5B%5D=value3
注意字典里值为None的键会忽略。上面第2个例子访问的是http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2[]=value2&key2[]=value3 。注意key后面需要添加中括号对。
响应
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events') >>> r.text >>> u'[{"id":"2636319727","type":"PullRequestReviewCommentEvent","actor":{"id":1148601,"login":"i ...}] >>> r.encoding 'utf-8' >>> r.encoding = 'ISO-8859-1'
Requests会自动解码服务器的返回。大多数unicode字符集都能无缝解码。请求发出时Requests会基于响应的HTTP头部推测响应的编码。同时还可以设置和查询编码。改变编码后,访问 r.text 将会使用 r.encoding 。
二进制响应
r.content可以以字节的方式显示响应。
>>> r.content b'[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...
传输格式gzip和deflate会自动转码。处理图片实例:
>>> from PIL import Image >>> from StringIO import StringIO >>> i = Image.open(StringIO(r.content))
Json响应
Requests内置了JSON解码器:
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') >>> r.json() {u'documentation_url': u'https://developer.github.com/v3/activity/events/#list-public-events', u'message': u"Hello there, wayfaring stranger. If you're reading this then you probably didn't see our blog post a couple of years back announcing that this API would go away: http://git.io/17AROg Fear not, you should be able to get what you need from the shiny new Events API instead."}
JSON解码失败时r.json 就会抛出异常。例如, 401 (Unauthorized) , ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded等。
原始响应
极端的情况下需要查看服务器的原始套接字响应,请求时设置 stream=True:
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True) >>> r.raw <urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x7f807dd6f4d0> >>> r.raw.read(10) '\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'
通常需要存为文件:
with open(filename, 'wb') as fd: for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size): fd.write(chunk)
Response.iter_content 能减少直接使用Response.raw的大量处理,下载流时尤其推荐。
自定义头
>>> import requests >>> import json >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' >>> payload = {'some': 'data'} >>> headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} >>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
更加复杂的POST请求
表单直接以字典形式发送:
>>> import requests >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) >>> print(r.text) { "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "key1": "value1", "key2": "value2" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, compress", "Content-Length": "23", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.6 Linux/3.13.0-53-generic" }, "json": null, "origin": "119.122.150.177", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }
string则会被直接发布出去。Github API v3中接受编码为JSON的POST/PATCH数据
>>> import requests >>> import json >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' >>> payload = {'some': 'data'} >>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
POST复杂编码的文件
>>> import requests >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' >>> files = {'file': open('/home/andrew/test.xls', 'rb')} >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files) >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' >>> r.text u'{\n "args": {}, \n "data": "", \n "files": {\n ... "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'
可以显式地设置文件名,文件类型和请求头:
>>> import requests >>> files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('/home/andrew/test.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-excel', {'Expires': '0'})} >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files) >>> r.text u'{\n "args": {}, \n "data": ""..."url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'
还可以直接用文字代替文件:
>>> import requests >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' >>> files = {'file': ('report.csv', 'some,data,to,send\nanother,row,to,send\n')} >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files) >>> r.text u'{\n "args": {}, \n "data": "", \n "files": {\n ... "json": null, \n "origin": "14.153.22.104", \n "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'
multipart/form-data不支持特别大的文件,建议使用requests-toolbelt,参考:toolbelt
响应状态码
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') >>> r.status_code 200 >>> r.status_code == requests.codes.ok True >>> bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/404') >>> bad_r.status_code 404 >>> bad_r.raise_for_status() >>> r.raise_for_status()
上面的requests.codes.ok是内置的状态码查询对象。可以使用 Response.raise_for_status()跑出失败请求(4XX客户端错误或5XX服务器异常),我们可以通过 Response.raise_for_status() 来抛出异常。r的返回为200,所以返回None,不产生异常。
响应头
>>> r.headers {'content-length': '275', 'server': 'nginx', 'connection': 'keep-alive', 'access-control-allow-credentials': 'true', 'date': 'Tue, 10 Mar 2015 08:21:36 GMT', 'access-control-allow-origin': '*', 'content-type': 'application/json'} >>> r.headers['Content-Type'] 'application/json' >>> r.headers.get('content-type') 'application/json'
根据 RFC 2616,HTTP头部不区分大小写。根据RFC 7230,接收方会对服务端对同一key的不同value进行组合。
Cookies
可以访问响应中包含的Cookie:
>>> import requests >>> url = 'http://automationtesting.sinaapp.com/login' >>> r = requests.get(url) >>> r.cookies.keys() ['saeut', 'trac_form_token', 'trac_session'] >>> r.cookies['saeut'] 'CkMPGlT+tfQiXS9uGYviAg=='
使用cookies参数可以发送你的cookies到服务器:
>>> import requests >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' >>> cookies = dict(cookies_are='working') >>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) >>> r.text u'{\n "cookies": {\n "cookies_are": "working"\n }\n}\n'
重定向与请求历史
默认对HEAD以外其他所有动作进行位置重定向。Response.history可以看到重定向的记录。
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com') >>> r.url u'https://github.com/' >>> r.status_code 200 >>> r.history [<Response [301]>]
GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH 或者 DELETE可以通过allow_redirects参数禁用重定向,这个设置对HEAD也生效:
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False) >>> r.status_code 301 >>> r.history [] >>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True) >>> r.url u'https://github.com/' >>> r.history [<Response [301]>]
超时
超时告诉requests在经过timeout参数的秒之后停止等待响应:
>>> import requests >>> requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 55, in get return request('get', url, **kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 44, in request return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 455, in request resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 558, in send r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 387, in send raise Timeout(e) requests.exceptions.Timeout: (<urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7f807dd6f050>, 'Connection to github.com timed out. (connect timeout=0.1)') >>>
注: 超时不是对整个响应下载的时间限制, 而且指定时间没有收到服务器返回就抛出异常。
错误与异常
ConnectionError:网络问题(如DNS失败、拒绝连接等)。
HTTPError: 比较罕见的无效HTTP响应时。
Timeout:请求超时。
TooManyRedirects:超过了设定的最大重定向次数。
requests.exceptions.RequestException是所有具体异常的基类。
Session对象
Session对象能够跨请求保持参数,Session实例发出的所有请求共享cookies。
Session对象具有主Requests API的所有方法。
>>> s = requests.Session() >>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789') <Response [200]> >>> r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") >>> print(r.text) { "cookies": { "sessioncookie": "123456789" } }
Session也可为request方法提供缺省数据,添加属性即可:
>>> import requests >>> s = requests.Session() >>> s.auth = ('user', 'pass') >>> s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'}) >>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'}) <Response [200]>
传递给request方法的字典都会与已有session层的值合并。方法层的参数会覆盖会话的参数。在方法层参数中将键值设置为None,会被自动忽略key。参考: session api
请求(Request)和响应(Response)对象
requests.get()等请求主要做两件的事情。一为构建Request 对象。二为收到服务器响应时产生Response 对象。Response对象包含服务器返回和原来的 Request 对象。
>>> import requests >>> r = requests.get('http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python') >>> r.headers {'content-length': '67559', ...} >>> r.request.headers {'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': ...}
预请求
当从API或会话调用接收Response对象时,request属性实际上是PreparedRequest。如果你需要修改body或header,可以如下方式进行处理:
from requests import Request, Session s = Session() req = Request('GET', url, data=data, headers=header ) prepped = req.prepare() # do something with prepped.body # do something with prepped.headers resp = s.send(prepped, stream=stream, verify=verify, proxies=proxies, cert=cert, timeout=timeout ) print(resp.status_code)
这里没有对Request对象进行特殊处理,而是修改PreparedRequest对象。然后用requests.*
或Session.*
.发送。
上述代码没有Request Session。Session层状态,如cookie不会使用。用Session.prepare_request()替换Request.prepare()
即可增加状态支持:
from requests import Request, Session s = Session() req = Request('GET', url, data=data headers=headers ) prepped = s.prepare_request(req) # do something with prepped.body # do something with prepped.headers resp = s.send(prepped, stream=stream, verify=verify, proxies=proxies, cert=cert, timeout=timeout ) print(resp.status_code)
SSL证书验证
使用 verify 参数可以像web浏览器一样为HTTPS请求验证SSL证书:
requests英文文档
作者博客:http://my.oschina.net/u/1433482
类型:翻译