二叉树的遍历

 

二叉树的遍历:

先序,中序,后序;

二叉树的遍历有三种常见的方法,

最简单的实现就是递归调用,

另外就是飞递归的迭代调用,

最后还有O(1)空间的morris遍历;

二叉树的结构定义:

1 struct TreeNode {
2      int val;
3      TreeNode *left;
4      TreeNode *right;
5      TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
6  };

 

1.先序遍历:

递归:

复制代码
1 void preOrderRecursive(TreeNode *root) {
2     if (!root)
3         return;
4     cout << root->val << " ";
5     preOrderRecursive(root->left);
6     preOrderRecursive(root->right);
7 }
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迭代:

迭代要用到栈来保存父亲结点,

先序遍历,所有访问过的结点都先输出,

先遍历当前结点和当前结点的左子树,一直到左子树的最左边的结点,

遍历过的这些结点都入栈,左孩子为空时,栈顶元素设为当前结点,出栈,

然后把当前结点设为该节点的右孩子,循环一直到当前结点为空且栈也为空。

复制代码
 1 void preOrderIterative(TreeNode *root) {
 2     if (!root)
 3         return;
 4     stack<TreeNode*> stk;
 5     TreeNode *cur = root;
 6     while (cur || !stk.empty()) {
 7         while (cur) {
 8             cout << cur->val << " ";
 9             stk.push(cur);
10             cur = cur->left;
11         }
12         if (!stk.empty()) {
13             cur = stk.top();
14             stk.pop();
15             cur = cur->right;
16         }
17     }
18 }
19 /* 
20  * 模拟递归
21  * */
22 void preOrderIterative1(TreeNode *root) {
23     if (!root)
24         return;
25     stack<TreeNode*> stk;
26     stk.push(root);
27     while (!stk.empty()) {
28         TreeNode* tp = stk.top();
29         stk.pop();
30         cout << tp->val << " ";
31         if (tp->right) 
32             stk.push(tp->right);
33         if (tp->left)
34             stk.push(tp->left);
35     }
36 }
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Morris方法:

1.当前结点的左孩子为空,输出当前结点,并设置当前结点的右孩子为当前结点;

2.当前结点的左孩子不为空:

  a.找到当前结点中序遍历的前驱结点,即为该节点的左孩子的最右边的结点,前驱结点的右孩子为空,则设置前驱结点的右孩子为当前结点,并输出当前结点,设当前结点的左孩子为当前结点;

  b.前驱结点的右孩子为当前结点,则恢复前驱结点的右孩子为NULL,设当前结点的右孩子为当前结点;

复制代码
 1 void preOrderMorris(TreeNode *root) {
 2     if (!root)
 3         return;
 4     TreeNode* cur = root;
 5     TreeNode* pre = NULL;
 6     while (cur) {
 7         if (cur->left == NULL) {
 8             cout << cur->val << " ";
 9             cur = cur->right;
10         }
11         else {
12             pre = cur->left;
13             while (pre->right != NULL && pre->right != cur) 
14                 pre = pre->right;
15             if (pre->right == NULL) {
16                 cout << cur->val << " ";
17                 pre->right = cur;
18                 cur = cur->left;
19             }
20             else {
21                 pre->right = NULL;
22                 cur = cur->right;
23             }
24         }
25     }
26 }
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2.中序遍历:

递归:

复制代码
1 void inOrderRecursive(TreeNode *root) {
2     if (!root)
3         return;
4     inOrderRecursive(root->left);
5     cout << root->val << " ";
6     inOrderRecursive(root->right);
7 }
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迭代:

1.如果当前结点的左孩子不为空,则把当前结点的左孩子入栈,知道当前结点的左孩子为空;

2.如果栈不为空,则出栈,栈顶元素为当前结点,输出当前结点,并把当前结点的右孩子设为当前结点;

重复1,2直到当前结点为NULL且栈也为空;

复制代码
 1 void inOrderIterative(TreeNode *root) {
 2     if (!root)
 3         return;
 4     stack<TreeNode*> stk;
 5     TreeNode *cur = root;
 6     while (cur || !stk.empty()) {
 7         while (cur) {
 8             stk.push(cur);
 9             cur = cur->left;
10         }
11         if (!stk.empty()) {
12             cur = stk.top();
13             stk.pop();
14             cout << cur->val << " ";
15             cur = cur->right;
16         }
17     }
18 }
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Morris方法:

和先序遍历的过程类似,只不过输出结点的位置不一样,中序遍历是在2.b中,也就是前驱结点的右孩子为当前结点时,即当前结点的左子树都已经遍历完成时,输出当前结点;

复制代码
 1 void inOrderMorris(TreeNode *root) {
 2     if (!root)
 3         return;
 4     TreeNode* cur = root;
 5     TreeNode* pre = NULL;
 6     while (cur) {
 7         if (cur->left == NULL) {
 8             cout << cur->val << " ";
 9             cur = cur->right;
10         }
11         else {
12             pre = cur->left;
13             while (pre->right != NULL && pre->right != cur)
14                 pre = pre->right;
15             if (pre->right == NULL) {
16                 pre->right = cur;
17                 cur = cur->left;
18             }
19             else {
20                 cout << cur->val << " ";
21                 pre->right = NULL;
22                 cur = cur->right;
23             }
24         }
25     }
26 }
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3.后序遍历:

递归:

复制代码
1 void postOrderRecursive(TreeNode *root) {
2     if (!root)
3         return;
4     postOrderRecursive(root->left);
5     postOrderRecursive(root->right);
6     cout << root->val << " ";
7 }
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迭代:

后序遍历比先序、中序都要复杂,

第一种迭代方法,可以用两个栈来模拟递归的遍历;

栈1初始化时把根节点入栈,

1.栈1出栈,把出栈的元素加入栈2,然后把该元素的左孩子(如果不为空),右孩子(如果不为空)加入栈1,知道栈1为空;

2.栈2出栈直到空,每次出栈时输出栈顶元素;

通过两个栈,保证了栈2中的元素顺序,

第二种迭代方法,

用一个结点保存访问过的最后一个结点pre,如果pre为栈顶元素的右孩子,则说明栈顶元素的右子树已经遍历过了,直接输出栈顶元素,并把当前结点设为NULL,并更新pre为出栈的元素;

1.如果当前结点存在,则一直向左遍历,入栈遍历的元素,直到结点为空;

2.栈不为空时,出栈,当前结点为栈顶元素,

如果当前结点的右孩子不为空且不为pre,说明当前结点的右子树没有遍历过,设置当前结点为该节点的右孩子,

如果右孩子为空或者为pre,直接输出当前结点,更新pre为当前结点,并设当前结点为NULL,

重复1,2直到当前结点为NULL并且栈为空;

复制代码
 1 void postOrderIterative(TreeNode *root) {
 2     if (!root) 
 3         return;
 4     stack<TreeNode*> stk;
 5     TreeNode *cur = root;
 6     TreeNode *pre = NULL;
 7     while (cur || !stk.empty()) {
 8         while (cur) {
 9             stk.push(cur);
10             cur = cur->left;
11         }
12         if (!stk.empty()) {
13             cur = stk.top();
14             if (cur->right != NULL && cur->right != pre) {
15                 cur = cur->right;
16             }
17             else {
18                 cout << cur->val << " ";
19                 pre = cur;
20                 stk.pop();
21                 cur = NULL;
22             }
23         }
24     }
25 }
26 /*
27  * 双栈法
28  */
29 void postOrderIterative1(TreeNode *root) {
30     if (!root) 
31         return;
32     stack<TreeNode*> stk1, stk2;
33     TreeNode *cur;
34     stk1.push(root);
35     while (!stk1.empty()) {
36         cur = stk1.top();
37         stk1.pop();
38         stk2.push(cur);
39         if (cur->left)
40             stk1.push(cur->left);
41         if (cur->right)
42             stk1.push(cur->right);
43     }
44     while (!stk2.empty()) {
45         cout << stk2.top()->val << " ";
46         stk2.pop();
47     }
48 }
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Morris方法:

morris方法的后序遍历较为复杂,因为需要逆序输出右孩子到父亲结点;

遍历过程与先序与中序类似,

当前驱结点的右孩子为当前结点时,左子树已经遍历完成,逆序输出当前结点的左孩子到前驱结点;

类似于链表的反转,不过反转输出之后,记得要反转回来。

复制代码
 1 void reverse(TreeNode *begin, TreeNode *end) {
 2     if (begin == end)
 3         return;
 4     TreeNode *pre = begin;
 5     TreeNode *cur = begin->right;
 6     TreeNode *next;
 7     while (pre != end) {
 8         temp = cur->right;
 9         cur->right = pre;
10         pre = cur;
11         cur = temp;
12     }
13 }
14 
15 void traversalReversal(TreeNode *begin, TreeNode *end) {
16     reverse(begin, end);
17     TreeNode *it = end;
18     while (true) {
19         cout << it->val << " ";
20         if (it == begin)
21             break;
22         it = it->right;
23     }
24     reverse(end, begin);
25 }
26 
27 void postOrderMorris(TreeNode *root) {
28     if (!root)
29         return;
30     TreeNode dump(0);
31     dump.left = root;
32     TreeNode *cur = &dump;
33     TreeNode *pre = NULL;
34     while (cur) {
35         if (cur->left == NULL) {
36             cur = cur->right;
37         }
38         else {
39             pre = cur->left;
40             while (pre->right != NULL && pre->right != cur)
41                 pre = pre->right;
42             if (pre->right == NULL) {
43                 pre->right = cur;
44                 cur = cur->left;
45             }
46             else {
47                 traversalReverse(cur->left, pre);
48                 pre->right = NULL;
49                 cur = cur->right;
50             }
51         }
52     }
53 }
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 参考:

http://www.cnblogs.com/AnnieKim/archive/2013/06/15/MorrisTraversal.html

http://blog.csdn.net/hackbuteer1/article/details/6583988

 
 
 

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