Java游戏开发中怎样才能获得更快的FPS？

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众所周知，Java应用的运行速度虽然不慢，却也谈不上快，以最新的JRE1.6表现来说，至多也就是优胜于一些纯粹的解释型语言，距离C/C++等编译型的执行效率还有一定差距。

平心而论，如果我们使用Java去制作一些简单的桌面应用，那么目前Java组件的绘图速度勉强还能接受；但如果用Java来进行游戏开发，尤其是制作一些需要高FPS才能满足的动态效果，就必须利用技术手段对其加以优化，解决其绘图效率问题，其它才有的谈。

什么是FPS？

这里所说的FPS，并非指射击游戏，而是指俗称的“帧率”（Frames per Second，缩写：FPS）或“赫兹”（Hz）。笔者在以前的博文中曾给出过专门的解释及Java实现示例，此处不再赘述。

受到人类眼球的生理结构制约，通常情况下只要我们所见画面高于每秒16帧，就会认为画面是连贯的，生物学上称此现象为视觉暂留，这也就是为什么电影胶片是一格一格拍摄出来，然而我们却认为它是连续的一段。当然，所谓的16帧也只是一个中值，并非放之四海而皆准，根据具体视觉对象不同，帧率的具体标准会有所变化。在最坏情况下，动画不低于每秒12帧，现代电影不低于24帧，动作游戏不低于30帧，在人眼中的画面才是连续不间断的。

总之，FPS数值越高则画面流畅度便越高，越低则越显停滞，要提高Java游戏运行效率，那么焦点就必然要集中在如何提高程序的FPS之上。

我们该从什么地方入手，才能提高FPS？

Java绘图最终要通过native，这是地球人都知道的事情。这意味着除非我们学习SWT重写本地图形接口，否则显示部分我们无法干涉；这样便决定了我们对FPS的优化必然要集中在本地图形系统调用之前，而非之后。也就是说，提高Java应用的FPS，还要老生常谈的从Image与Graphics及其相关子类入手。

那么，对这些尽人皆知的Java绘图组件，我们究竟能改进那些部分呢？

我在不久前发布的博文《Java游戏开发中应始终坚持的10项基本原则》中，曾经就如何构建一个高效的Java游戏发表过一些见解，其中第7点“始终双缓冲游戏图像”，它不但是解决Java图像闪烁问题的关键所在，而且同样是提高Java游戏帧率的制胜法宝之一。是的，Java绘图机能的优化与改进，关键就在于如何对其缓冲区域进行优化处理。

下面，我将展示三种不同的Java缓冲绘图方式。

1、采用BufferedImage对象进行缓冲

这种方法是最简单，同时也是最常用的双缓冲构建方式，也就是构建一个BufferedImage缓冲当前绘图，所有Graphics操作在其上进行，仅在需要时才将贴图paint于窗体之上，使用上再简单不过，但效率如何呢？文章进行到此处时尚不得而知。

2、采用BufferStrategy构建缓冲区

使用BufferStrategy构建缓冲能够获得系统所提供的硬件加速，Java系统会根据本地环境选择最适合的BufferStrategy。要创建 BufferStrategy ，需要使用 createBufferStrategy() 方法告诉系统你所期望的缓冲区数目（通常使用双缓冲，也就是填入“2”），并使用 getDrawGraphics() 方法在缓冲区之间进行交换，该方法返回下一个要使用的缓冲区。BufferStrategy最大的缺点与优点都在于其受本地图形环境影响，既不会出现很快的图形环境跑出很慢的FPS，也别指望很慢的图形环境跑出很快的FPS。

3、完全在BufferedImage的DataBuffer中进行图像处理

每个BufferedImage都有一个与之对应得WritableRaster对象（getRaster方法获得），通过它我们获得指定BufferedImage的DataBuffer（getDataBuffer方法获得），与方法1类似，我们同样构建一个BufferedImage缓冲当前所有绘图，所有操作都在其上进行，仅在需要时才将贴图paint于窗体之上。但区别在于，由于DataBuffer可以转化为描述BufferedImage象素点的int[]，byte[]或short[]等数组集合，因此我们不再使用Java提供的Graphics对象，而是直接操作像素点进行所有绘图的实现。 但是，这样进行数组操作会快吗？

现在我们为其各自构建三个示例，尽量以比较趋同的处理流程构建，分别测算三种方法的具体效率。

（PS：写完才突然想起，这台2002年买的电脑实在不适合测试FPS（-_-|||），较新机型的FPS至少能达到此测试结果的2倍以上，特此声明……）

（PS：以下图像素材源自成都汉森信息技术有限公司首页，特此声明）

以下开始将分别对三种方法分别进行绘制1名角色、绘制100名角色、绘制1000名角色的简单FPS绘图效率测算。

一、采用BufferedImage对象进行缓冲

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源码如下：

1、DoubleBufferGameFrame.Java

package test1; import java.awt.Dimension; import java.awt.Frame; import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter; import java.awt.event.WindowEvent; /** * @author chenpeng * @email：ceponline@yahoo.com.cn */ public class DoubleBufferGameFrame extends Frame implements Runnable { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private int width = 480; private int height = 360; private DoubleBufferCanvas canvas = null; public DoubleBufferGameFrame() { super("AWT标准Graphics2D使用测试"); this.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(width + 5, height + 25)); this.requestFocus(); this.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }); canvas = new DoubleBufferCanvas(); this.add(canvas); this.pack(); this.setResizable(false); this.setLocationRelativeTo(null); this.setIgnoreRepaint(true); Thread thread = new Thread(this); thread.start(); } public void run() { for (;;) { canvas.drawScreen(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { DoubleBufferGameFrame frm = new DoubleBufferGameFrame(); frm.setVisible(true); } }

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2、DoubleBufferCanvas.Java

package test1; import java.awt.Canvas; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.Image; import java.awt.image.BufferedImage; import java.util.Random; public class DoubleBufferCanvas extends Canvas { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private boolean isFPS = true; private boolean initFlag; private int frames = 0; private long totalTime = 0; private long curTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); private long lastTime = curTime; private Random rand = new Random(); private int fps; private Image backImage = ImageUtils.loadImage("back.gif"); private Image hero_idle_0 = ImageUtils.loadImage("idle0_0.png",true); private BufferedImage bufferImage; private Graphics2D graphics2D; public DoubleBufferCanvas() { } public void update(Graphics g) { paint(g); } public void paint(Graphics g) { if (initFlag) { graphics2D.drawImage(backImage, 0, 0, null); for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) { int x = rand.nextInt(480); int y = rand.nextInt(360); graphics2D.drawImage(hero_idle_0, x-100, y-100, null); } graphics2D.drawString(("当前FPS:" + fps).intern(), 15, 15); g.drawImage(bufferImage, 0, 0, null); g.dispose(); } } private synchronized void initializtion() { bufferImage = ImageUtils.createImage(getWidth(), getHeight(), true); graphics2D = bufferImage.createGraphics(); initFlag = true; } public synchronized void drawScreen() { getGraphics2D(); repaint(); if (isFPS) { lastTime = curTime; curTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); totalTime += curTime - lastTime; if (totalTime > 1000) { totalTime -= 1000; fps = frames; frames = 0; } ++frames; } Thread.yield(); } public synchronized Graphics2D getGraphics2D() { if (!initFlag) { initializtion(); } return graphics2D; } }

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场景图1、角色图1、 FPS 60 - 70

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场景图1、角色图100 、FPS 20 - 25

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场景图1、角色图1000、 FPS 13 - 17

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二、采用BufferStrategy构建缓冲区（双缓冲）

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package test1; import java.awt.Dimension; import java.awt.Frame; import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter; import java.awt.event.WindowEvent; /** * @author chenpeng * @email：ceponline@yahoo.com.cn */ public class BufferStrategyGameFrame extends Frame implements Runnable { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private BufferStrategyCanvas canvas = null; private int width = 480; private int height = 360; public BufferStrategyGameFrame() { super("AWT标准Graphics2D(BufferStrategy)使用测试"); this.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(width + 5, height + 25)); this.requestFocus(); this.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }); canvas = new BufferStrategyCanvas(); this.add(canvas); this.pack(); this.setResizable(false); this.setLocationRelativeTo(null); this.setIgnoreRepaint(true); Thread thread = new Thread(this); thread.start(); } public void run() { for (;;) { canvas.drawScreen(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { BufferStrategyGameFrame frm = new BufferStrategyGameFrame(); frm.setVisible(true); } }

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package test1; import java.awt.Canvas; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.GraphicsConfiguration; import java.awt.GraphicsDevice; import java.awt.GraphicsEnvironment; import java.awt.Image; import java.awt.image.BufferStrategy; import java.awt.image.BufferedImage; import java.util.Random; public class BufferStrategyCanvas extends Canvas { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private boolean isFPS = true; private boolean initFlag; private int frames = 0; private long totalTime = 0; private long curTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); private long lastTime = curTime; private Random rand = new Random(); private int fps; private Image backImage = ImageUtils.loadImage("back.gif"); private Image hero_idle_0 = ImageUtils.loadImage("idle0_0.png", true); private BufferedImage screenImage; final static GraphicsEnvironment environment = GraphicsEnvironment .getLocalGraphicsEnvironment(); final static GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice = environment .getDefaultScreenDevice(); final static GraphicsConfiguration graphicsConfiguration = graphicsDevice .getDefaultConfiguration(); private Graphics canvasGraphics = null; private BufferStrategy bufferImage; private Graphics2D graphics2d; public BufferStrategyCanvas() { } public void createBufferGraphics() { createBufferStrategy(2); bufferImage = getBufferStrategy(); screenImage = graphicsConfiguration.createCompatibleImage(getWidth(), getHeight()); graphics2d = screenImage.createGraphics(); } public synchronized void paintScreen() { if (initFlag) { graphics2d.drawImage(backImage, 0, 0, null); for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) { int x = rand.nextInt(480); int y = rand.nextInt(360); graphics2d.drawImage(hero_idle_0, x - 100, y - 100, null); } graphics2d.drawString(("当前FPS:" + fps).intern(), 15, 15); canvasGraphics = bufferImage.getDrawGraphics(); canvasGraphics.drawImage(screenImage, 0, 0, null); bufferImage.show(); canvasGraphics.dispose(); } } private synchronized void initializtion() { createBufferGraphics(); initFlag = true; } public synchronized void drawScreen() { loadGraphics(); paintScreen(); if (isFPS) { lastTime = curTime; curTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); totalTime += curTime - lastTime; if (totalTime > 1000) { totalTime -= 1000; fps = frames; frames = 0; } ++frames; } Thread.yield(); } public synchronized Graphics2D loadGraphics() { if (!initFlag) { initializtion(); } return graphics2d; } }

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场景图1、角色图1 、FPS 80 - 90

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场景图1、角色图100、 FPS 25 - 35

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场景图1、角色图1000、 FPS 3 - 6

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三、完全在BufferedImage的DataBuffer中进行图像处理

实际上在Java网游海盗时代、Java网游暗影世界等等网络游戏、还有netbaens以及其它种种不算慢的Java应用中，都存在大量使用DataBuffer进行的图像渲染；但在使用方式上，却只有暗影使用的JGnet引擎与常用的Image与Graphics搭配模式较为接近，所以此示例使用了JGnet的部分代码构建。

（PS：实际上汉森的JGnet客户端引擎目前并未开源，此部分代码得自其主页homepage.jar的反编译，是前天我看csdn的CTO栏目专访汉森老总后去其首页发现的；视频中说JGnet有部分代码准备开源，我估计应该是homepage.jar里这部分，因为没有混淆且功能较少，其网站地址http://www.handseeing.com，纯Applet站点）。

为给不愿反编译的看客提供方便，这里我稍微对JGnet进行一点分析（即homepage.jar中的那部分）。

就代码来看，JGnet中所有UI继承自GUIWidget（GUIWidget继承自Container），所有JGnet产生的GUI组件也都应当继承它。JGnet提供了一个GUIRoot为底层面板，所有GUIWidget衍生组件都应附着于GUIRoot之上，另外该引擎提供有AbstractGameClient、ClientContext接口及相关实现用以调度相关组件，JGnet的GUIRoot载体可以使用Applet或者Frame。

JGnet中大部分资源采用zip打包，当然也可以读取单图，JGnet资源加载依赖于其提供的ImageFactory类，ImageFactory的操作可分为如下两步：

第一步是addArchive，进行此步骤时指定的zip资源会被加载，其后将read图像资源为ShortBufferImage，再根据zip中该资源对应路径缓存到daff.utill包自备的HashMap中。

第二步是getImage，即获得指定路径的ShortBufferImage对象，此步骤以缓存优先，如果获得失败会尝试调用loadImage方法再次加载，并缓存到daff包自备的HashMap对象中。其中loadImage方法会根据后缀判定加载的资源类型，其中jpg、gif或者png后缀文件会调用daff包中提供的AwtImageLoader类转化为ShortBufferImage，而非此后缀文件会直接按照ShortBufferImage格式进行加载。

JGnet的图像绘制主要使用其内部提供的ShortBufferImage及ShortBufferGraphics以及相关衍生类。ShortBufferImage是一个抽象类，没有父类，所有JGnet中图形资源都将表现为ShortBufferImage，绘制ShortBufferImage需要使用daff.gui包提供的专用画布ShortBufferGraphics，实际上ShortBufferGraphics是一个针对于ShortBufferImage的象素渲染器，内部以short数组形式保存有一个空白BufferedImage的DataBuffer，所有绘制基于其上。

同大多数网游一样，JGnet中大量使用自定义图形格式(后缀.img)，其解释与转化通过CompressedImage类得以完成，由于自定义格式通常能更简洁的声明图像中各元素关系，所以JGnet处理其自定义格式资源会比加载普通图像资源更快。

JGnet会根据环境的不同会采用MsJvmGraphics或SunJvmGraphics两套绘图组件（皆继承自ShortBufferGraphics），据此我们可以初步断定其运行环境上兼容微软jvm，也就是最低可运行于JRE1.1之上。

讲解结束，下面我以JGnet进行针对DataBuffer进行渲染的FPS测试（对其某些细节进行了使用习惯上的扩展）。

1、DataBufferGameFrame.java

package test1; import java.awt.Dimension; import java.awt.Frame; import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter; import java.awt.event.WindowEvent; /** * @author chenpeng * @email：ceponline@yahoo.com.cn */ public class DataBufferGameFrame extends Frame implements Runnable { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private DataBufferCanvas canvas = null; private int width = 480; private int height = 360; public DataBufferGameFrame() { super("JGnet中ShortBufferGraphics使用测试"); this.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(width + 5, height + 25)); this.requestFocus(); this.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } }); canvas = new DataBufferCanvas(); this.add(canvas); this.pack(); this.setResizable(false); this.setLocationRelativeTo(null); this.setIgnoreRepaint(true); Thread thread = new Thread(this); thread.start(); } public void run() { for (;;) { canvas.drawScreen(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { DataBufferGameFrame frm = new DataBufferGameFrame(); frm.setVisible(true); } }

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2、DataBufferCanvas.java

package test1; import impl.gui.SunJvmGraphics; import java.awt.*; import java.util.Random; import daff.gui.ImageFactory; import daff.gui.ShortBufferFont; import daff.gui.ShortBufferGraphics; import daff.gui.ShortBufferImage; public class DataBufferCanvas extends Canvas { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private boolean isFPS = true; private ShortBufferGraphics shortBufferGraphics; private MyColor color = new MyColor(255, 255, 255); private ShortBufferFont font; private boolean initFlag; private static ImageFactory factory = new ImageFactory(20); private int frames = 0; private long totalTime = 0; private long curTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); private long lastTime = curTime; private Random rand = new Random(); private int fps; private ShortBufferImage hero_idle_0 = factory .getImage("image/hero/idle/idle0_0.img"); private ShortBufferImage backImage = factory.getImage("back.gif"); static { factory.addArchive("pack/hero.zip"); } public DataBufferCanvas() { } public void update(Graphics g) { paint(g); } public void paint(Graphics g) { if (initFlag) { shortBufferGraphics.drawImage(backImage, 0, 0); for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) { int x = rand.nextInt(480); int y = rand.nextInt(360); shortBufferGraphics.drawImage(hero_idle_0, x - 100, y - 100); } shortBufferGraphics.drawString(font, color, ("当前FPS:" + fps) .intern(), 15, 15); shortBufferGraphics.drawTo(g, 0, 0); g.dispose(); } } private synchronized void initializtion() { shortBufferGraphics = (ShortBufferGraphics) new SunJvmGraphics(); shortBufferGraphics.createGraphics(getWidth(), getHeight(), this); font = new ShortBufferFont("Dialog", 0, 12, this); initFlag = true; } public synchronized void drawScreen() { loadGraphics().reset(); repaint(); if (isFPS) { lastTime = curTime; curTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); totalTime += curTime - lastTime; if (totalTime > 1000) { totalTime -= 1000; fps = frames; frames = 0; } ++frames; } Thread.yield(); } public synchronized ShortBufferGraphics loadGraphics() { if (!initFlag) { initializtion(); } return shortBufferGraphics; } }

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场景图1、角色图1 、FPS 140 - 160

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