linux 计划任务

1.计划任务基本概念

linux下面有atd和crond两种计划任务，其中，atd服务使用的at命令只能执行一次，而crond服务使用的crontab定义的命令，是循环作用的，所以crond才符合我们的要求。
crontab支持两种状态：一、直接编写计划任务；二、使用 目录的方式，放在目录里面的都会定时执行。

crond守护进程每分钟检查一次相关配置,在配置做了修改之后不需要重新启动该进程即可生效;

cron执行的每一项工作都会被纪录到 /var/log/cron这个日志文件中，可以从这个文件查看命令执行的状态。

 chkconfig --list crond

 service crond status

 

  man 8  crond

NAME
       cron - daemon to execute scheduled commands (ISC Cron V4.1)

SYNOPSIS
       cron [-l load_avg] [-n] [-p] [-m<mailcommand>]

DESCRIPTION
       Cron  should  be  started  from /etc/rc.d/rc or /etc/rc.d/rc.local.  It
       will return immediately, so you don’t need to start it with  ’&’.   The
       -n  option changes this default behavior causing it to run in the fore-
       ground.  This can be useful when starting it out of init.

       Cron searches /var/spool/cron for crontab files which are  named  after
       accounts  in  /etc/passwd; crontabs found are loaded into memory.  Cron
       also searches for /etc/crontab and the files in the /etc/cron.d  direc-
       tory,  which  are  in  a  different format (see crontab(5)).  Cron then
       wakes up every minute, examining all  stored  crontabs,  checking  each
       command to see if it should be run in the current minute.  When execut-
       ing commands, any output is mailed to the owner of the crontab  (or  to
       the  user  named  in the MAILTO environment variable in the crontab, if
       such exists).

       Additionally, cron checks each minute to see if its  spool  directory’s
       modtime  (or  the  modtime on /etc/crontab) has changed, and if it has,
       cron will then examine the modtime on all  crontabs  and  reload  those
       which have changed.  Thus cron need not be restarted whenever a crontab
       file is modified.  Note that the Crontab(1) command updates the modtime
       of the spool directory whenever it changes a crontab.

       The  -m  option allows you to specify a shell command string to use for
       sending cron mail output instead of  sendmail(8).   This  command  must
       accept  a fully formatted mail message (with headers) on stdin and send
       it as a mail message to the recipients specified in the mail headers.

   Daylight Saving Time and other time changes
       Local time changes of less than three hours, such as  those  caused  by
       the  start or end of Daylight Saving Time, are handled specially.  This
       only applies to jobs that run at a specific time and jobs that are  run
       with  a  granularity  greater  than  one hour.  Jobs that run more fre-
       quently are scheduled normally.

       If time has moved forward, those jobs that would have run in the inter-
       val that has been skipped will be run immediately.  Conversely, if time
       has moved backward, care is taken to avoid running jobs twice.

       Time changes of more than 3 hours are considered to be  corrections  to
       the clock or timezone, and the new time is used immediately.

   PAM Access Control
       On  Red  Hat  systems, crond now supports access control with PAM - see
       pam(8).   A  PAM  configuration  file  for  crond   is   installed   in
       /etc/pam.d/crond.   crond  loads  the  PAM environment from the pam_env
       module, but these can be overriden by settings in the crontab file.

SIGNALS
       On receipt of a SIGHUP, the cron daemon will close and reopen  its  log
       file.  This is useful in scripts which rotate and age log files.  Natu-
       rally this is not relevant if cron was built to use syslog(3).

CAVEATS
       In this version of cron , without the -p option, /etc/crontab must  not
       be writable by any user other than root, no crontab files may be links,
       or linked to by any other file, and no crontab files may be executable,
       or be writable by any user other than their owner.

SEE ALSO
       crontab(1), crontab(5), pam(8)

AUTHOR
       Paul Vixie < [email protected]>

 

 

 

2.系统crontab文件;man 5 crontab

  

   cat /etc/crontab

 

   SHELL=/bin/bash
   PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
   MAILTO=root
   HOME=/

   # run-parts
   01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
   02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily
   22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly
   42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

  (分 时 日 月 周)  用户 run-parts  单目录参数

 

如果需要增加系统的计划任务，只需要在对应的目录添加执行文件即可，例如：我需要在每天都执行updatedb的操作，则我只需要把/usr/bin/updatedb的执行命令链接到/etc/cron.daily目录就可以了。

同样的，如果不需要使用目录的方式，也可以使用如下的方式：
02 01 * * * root /root/test.sh

也就是没有了run-parts，后面就直接跟命令的绝对路径

 

3.run-parts命令(脚本); cat /usr/bin/run-parts

 

#!/bin/bash

# run-parts - concept taken from Debian

# keep going when something fails
set +e

if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then
        echo "Usage: run-parts <dir>"
        exit 1
fi

if [ ! -d $1 ]; then
        echo "Not a directory: $1"
        exit 1
fi

# Ignore *~ and *, scripts
for i in $1/*[^~,] ; do
        [ -d $i ] && continue
        # Don't run *.{rpmsave,rpmorig,rpmnew,swp} scripts
        [ "${i%.rpmsave}" != "${i}" ] && continue
        [ "${i%.rpmorig}" != "${i}" ] && continue
        [ "${i%.rpmnew}" != "${i}" ] && continue
        [ "${i%.swp}" != "${i}" ] && continue
        [ "${i%,v}" != "${i}" ] && continue

        if [ -x $i ]; then
                $i 2>&1 | awk -v "progname=$i" \
                              'progname {
                                   print progname ":\n"
                                   progname="";
                               }
                               { print; }'
        fi
done

exit 0

4.目录/etc/cron.*ly里是希望执行的任务脚本

 

5.用户crontab文件和crontab命令

  在系统注册的用户(/etc/passwd)

ls -l  /usr/spool/

可以使用crontab命令编辑用户的计划任务

 

命令：
crontab [-u username] [-l|-e|-r]

参数：
-u ：通过-u帮其它使用者建立/移除 crontab；
-e ：编辑 crontab 的内容
-l ：查看 crontab 的内容
-r ：移除 crontab 的所有内容（是全部的内容，如果只是删除某个，用-e编辑即可）

内容格式：
* * * * * 命令
前面的五个*号，表示分、时、日、月、周，如：
代表意义 分钟 小时 日期 月份 周
数字范围 0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 0-7
*号代表任何时间都接受的意思，任意。
*号之间用空格分开，如果是一段范围，用-号连接；如果是隔开几个时间，用,号表示。
另外，命令必须是编写计划任务的用户有权限执行的，并且最后用绝对路径。

例如：
#crontab -e
59 23 1 5 * mail linuxing < /home/test.txt
每在5月1日，23点59分就把/home/test.txt的内容作为邮件发给linuxing用户
*/5 * * * * /opt/test.sh
每5分钟就执行一次/opt/test.sh脚本
0 3,6 * * * /usr/local/bin/test.sh
每在3点和6点整点都执行/usr/local/bin/test.sh命令
0 8-12 * * * /root/backup.sh
8 点到 12 点之间的每小时的0分都执行/root/backup.sh

6./etc/cron.d目录,用来简化软件包管理

 该目录通常是空的

 

 

7.日志 /var/log/cron

cron执行的每一项工作都会被纪录到/var/log/cron这个日志文件中，可以从这个文件查看命令执行的状态

 

cat /var/log/cron

 

Nov  2 03:56:02 server1 anacron[3024]: Job `cron.daily' terminated
Nov  2 03:56:02 server1 anacron[3024]: Normal exit (1 jobs run)
Nov  2 04:01:01 server1 crond[6721]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  2 04:02:01 server1 crond[6751]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.daily)
Nov  2 04:02:01 server1 anacron[6754]: Updated timestamp for job `cron.daily' to 2
009-11-02
Nov  3 03:26:57 server1 crond[3195]: (CRON) STARTUP (V5.0)
Nov  3 03:26:58 server1 anacron[3249]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-03
Nov  3 03:26:58 server1 anacron[3249]: Will run job `cron.daily' in 65 min.
Nov  3 03:26:58 server1 anacron[3249]: Jobs will be executed sequentially
Nov  3 04:08:12 server1 crond[4679]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  3 04:09:18 server1 crond[5253]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.daily)
Nov  3 04:16:14 server1 crond[3219]: (CRON) STARTUP (V5.0)
Nov  3 04:16:15 server1 anacron[3273]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-03
Nov  3 04:16:15 server1 anacron[3273]: Will run job `cron.daily' in 65 min.
Nov  3 04:16:15 server1 anacron[3273]: Jobs will be executed sequentially
Nov  3 04:41:24 server1 crond[3220]: (CRON) STARTUP (V5.0)
Nov  3 04:41:25 server1 anacron[3274]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-03
Nov  3 04:41:26 server1 anacron[3274]: Will run job `cron.daily' in 65 min.
Nov  3 04:41:26 server1 anacron[3274]: Jobs will be executed sequentially
Nov  3 05:01:01 server1 crond[4066]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  3 05:29:08 server1 anacron[3274]: Received SIGUSR1
Nov  3 05:29:08 server1 anacron[3274]: Exited
Nov  4 05:09:55 server1 crond[3191]: (CRON) STARTUP (V5.0)
Nov  4 05:09:56 server1 anacron[3245]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-04
Nov  4 05:09:56 server1 anacron[3245]: Will run job `cron.daily' in 65 min.
Nov  4 05:09:56 server1 anacron[3245]: Jobs will be executed sequentially
Nov  4 05:36:40 server1 anacron[3245]: Received SIGUSR1
Nov  4 05:36:40 server1 anacron[3245]: Exited
Nov  4 23:35:05 server1 crond[3197]: (CRON) STARTUP (V5.0)
Nov  4 23:35:06 server1 anacron[3251]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-04
Nov  4 23:35:06 server1 anacron[3251]: Will run job `cron.daily' in 65 min.
Nov  4 23:35:06 server1 anacron[3251]: Jobs will be executed sequentially
Nov  5 00:01:01 server1 crond[4252]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  5 00:40:06 server1 anacron[3251]: Job `cron.daily' started
Nov  5 00:40:31 server1 anacron[3251]: Job `cron.daily' terminated (mailing output
)
Nov  5 00:40:31 server1 anacron[3251]: Normal exit (1 jobs run)
Nov  5 01:01:01 server1 crond[6538]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  5 02:01:01 server1 crond[8211]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  5 03:01:01 server1 crond[9858]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  5 04:01:01 server1 crond[11518]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  5 04:02:01 server1 crond[11547]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.daily)
Nov  5 04:02:01 server1 anacron[11550]: Updated timestamp for job `cron.daily' to
2009-11-05
Nov  5 05:01:01 server1 crond[13694]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  5 06:01:01 server1 crond[15368]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  5 06:52:23 server1 anacron[16892]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-05
Nov  5 06:52:23 server1 anacron[16892]: Normal exit (0 jobs run)
Nov  5 07:01:01 server1 crond[17963]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  7 01:46:34 server1 crond[3207]: (CRON) STARTUP (V5.0)
Nov  7 01:46:36 server1 anacron[3261]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-07
Nov  7 01:46:36 server1 anacron[3261]: Will run job `cron.daily' in 65 min.
Nov  7 01:46:36 server1 anacron[3261]: Will run job `cron.weekly' in 70 min.
Nov  7 01:46:36 server1 anacron[3261]: Jobs will be executed sequentially
Nov  7 02:01:01 server1 crond[3878]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  7 02:51:36 server1 anacron[3261]: Job `cron.daily' started
Nov  7 02:52:55 server1 anacron[3261]: Job `cron.daily' terminated (mailing output
)
Nov  7 02:56:36 server1 anacron[3261]: Job `cron.weekly' started
Nov  7 02:59:30 server1 anacron[3261]: Job `cron.weekly' terminated
Nov  7 02:59:30 server1 anacron[3261]: Normal exit (2 jobs run)
Nov  7 03:01:01 server1 crond[6892]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  7 04:01:01 server1 crond[8665]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  7 04:02:01 server1 crond[8695]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.daily)
Nov  7 04:02:01 server1 anacron[8698]: Updated timestamp for job `cron.daily' to 2
009-11-07
Nov  7 05:01:01 server1 crond[10600]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Nov  7 05:03:23 server1 crontab[10703]: (root) LIST (root)
Nov  7 05:03:28 server1 crontab[10704]: (root) BEGIN EDIT (root)
Nov  7 05:03:35 server1 crontab[10706]: (root) LIST (root)
Nov  7 06:01:00 server1 anacron[12449]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2009-11-07
Nov  7 06:01:00 server1 anacron[12449]: Normal exit (0 jobs run)
Nov  7 06:01:01 server1 crond[12510]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
[root@server1 log]#