目录
1、SQL语句分类
2、DDL语句
3、DML语句
4、DCL语句
5、事务相关语句
6、mysql查询
6.1、单表简单查询
6.2、多表组合查询
6.2.1、联结查询(交叉联结,内联结,外联结(左外联结、右外联结))
6.2.2、联合查询(UNION)
6.2.3、内联结
6.3、子查询
6.3.1、WHERE子查询
6.3.2、FROM子查询
1、SQL语句分类
DDL:数据定义语言,用来定义数据库对象,包括数据库、表、索引、存储过程、存储函数、约束、触发器、事件调度器等
DML:数据操作语言,包括CRUD(Insert,Select,Replace,Update,Delete)
DCL:数据控制语言,包括grant,revoke
与事务相关的语言:start transaction,commit,rollback,save point
2、DDL语句
2.1、数据库操作
a)、创建数据库:
语法:mysql> create {database | schema} [if not exists] 数据库名; #“if not exists”是用来作条件判断
举例:
mysql> create database if not exists mydb; #创建一个mydb数据库 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create schema if not exists mydb; #尝试再次建立mydb数据库 Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> show warnings; #查看警告信息 +-------+------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +-------+------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Note | 1007 | Can't create database 'mydb'; database exists | +-------+------+-----------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
b)、删除数据库:
语法:
mysql> drop {database | schema} [if exists] 数据库名;
举例:
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop schema if exists mydb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
c)、修改数据库
语法:
mysql> alter {database | schema} 数据库名 [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name |[DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name
mysql> alter {database | schema} 数据库名 upgrade data directory name; #此语句用在数据进行升级后用来升级数据字典
2.2、数据表操作
a)、创建字段自定义表
语法:
mysql> create table [if not exists] 表名 (字段1 字段定义,字段2 字段定义, ...) 众多选项
mysql> help create table; #获取表创建的帮助。
举例:
mysql> use test; mysql> create table if not exists tb1 (id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,name char(30) not null,age tinyint unsigned,class char(20) not null ) character set = utf8 engine = innodb;
以下三个sql语句都可查数据库中的表状态:
mysql> show table status from test\G mysql> show table status in test\G mysql> show table status like 'tb1';
b)、以select语句查询到的数据为结果来创建一张表
mysql> use mydb1; mysql> create table if not exists tb2 select user,host,password from mysql.user; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from tb2; +------+------------+-------------------------------------------+ | user | host | password | +------+------------+-------------------------------------------+ | root | localhost | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 | | root | db\_server | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 | | root | 127.0.0.1 | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 | +------+------------+-------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 注:这种方式创建出来的表,表的表结构与源表的表结构是不同的,也就是说字段中的定义和修饰符不会全部在新表中都有
c)、模仿一张表的表结构来创建一张只有表结构的表
mysql> create table if not exists tb3 like tb2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> desc tb3; +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | user | char(16) | NO | | | | | host | char(60) | NO | | | | | password | char(41) | NO | | | | +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.03 sec) mysql> desc tb2; +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | user | char(16) | NO | | | | | host | char(60) | NO | | | | | password | char(41) | NO | | | | +----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tb3; #tb3中是没有数据的 Empty set (0.02 sec)
开动脑筋:
怎样从一个表中挑选一些数据生成一张新表,且新表的表结构(字段定义、修饰符等)与源表是完成相同的。
实现方式分两部来完成,先创建和源表一样表结构的表,再以select的方式插入数据到此表。
实现:
mysql> DESC tb1; +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | char(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; +----+-------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+-------+-----+ | 1 | jack | 29 | | 2 | jason | 39 | | 3 | tom | 37 | | 4 | luck | 22 | | 7 | root | 0 | | 8 | root | 0 | | 9 | root | 0 | +----+-------+-----+ 7 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tb2 LIKE tb1; #创建tb2以tb1的表结构为源 Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> DESC tb2; #tb2的表结构和tb1的表结构是完成相同的 +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | char(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO tb2 SELECT * FROM tb1 WHERE age>30; #只把tb1中年龄大于30的数据插入到新表中 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; #验证数据 +----+-------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+-------+-----+ | 2 | jason | 39 | | 3 | tom | 37 | +----+-------+-----+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 这样就可实现保持源表的表结构提取所需数据。
d)、删除表
mysql> drop table [if exists] 表名;
e)、修改表名称、字段、定义、修饰符等
用help alter table来获取帮助
新增字段,删除字段
modify 修改指定字段定义:
change 修改字段名
rename 新表名
举例:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | +------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> DESC tb2; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | char(30) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE tb2 ADD Age TINYINT UNSIGNED AFTER id; #增加“Age”字段 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +------+------+------+ | id | Age | name | +------+------+------+ | 1 | NULL | Zcj | | 2 | NULL | Tom | +------+------+------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE tb2 DROP Age; #删除字段“Age” Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | +------+------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE tb2 MODIFY id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY; #修改id字段的定义 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tb2; +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | char(30) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE tb2 CHANGE name fullname CHAR(50) NOT NULL; #修改字段name的名称及定义 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC tb2; +----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | fullname | char(50) | NO | | NULL | | +----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE tb2 RENAME newtb2; #修改表名 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> DESC newtb2; +----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | fullname | char(50) | NO | | NULL | | +----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3、DML语句
3.1、insert:用来插入数据
语法:
mysql> insert into 表名 [(字段名,...)] {values | value} (值,...)
mysql> insert into 表名 set 字段名=值,...
举例:
mysql> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tb1 (id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,name char(20) not null,age tinyint unsigned not null); #先创建一张表
a)、插入多行数据
mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 (name,age) VALUES ('jack',29),('jason',39),('tom',37);
b)、插入一行数据
mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 SET name='luck',age=22; mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; #查看表数据 +----+-------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+-------+-----+ | 1 | jack | 29 | | 2 | jason | 39 | | 3 | tom | 37 | | 4 | luck | 22 | +----+-------+-----+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
c)、以select结果插入数据
mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 (name) SELECT user FROM mysql.user; #把user表中的用户信息检索出来填充到tb1表中的name字段 Query OK, 3 rows affected, 1 warning (0.08 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1 mysql> SHOW WARNINGS; #有个警告信息,因为创建表时age字段是not null的,只填充了name字段,没有age字段的相应数据 +---------+------+------------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +---------+------+------------------------------------------+ | Warning | 1364 | Field 'age' doesn't have a default value | +---------+------+------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; #自动把age字段填充为0 +----+-------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+-------+-----+ | 1 | jack | 29 | | 2 | jason | 39 | | 3 | tom | 37 | | 4 | luck | 22 | | 7 | root | 0 | | 8 | root | 0 | | 9 | root | 0 | +----+-------+-----+ 7 rows in set (0.08 sec)
3.2、replace:用来替换表的数据,如果源表中没有此数据则增加数据
mysql> DESC tb2; #name字段是唯一键索引 +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | char(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +----+-------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+-------+-----+ | 1 | jack | 29 | | 2 | jason | 39 | | 3 | tom | 37 | | 4 | luck | 22 | +----+-------+-----+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> REPLACE INTO tb2 SET name='jack',age=33; #因原表中有jack这个用户,replace这个命令会先删除原来的那一行,再新增加一行,所以会有两行受到影响 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec) mysql> REPLACE INTO tb2 SET name='zhaochj',age=29; #因原表中没有zhaochj这个用户,所以直接在最后增加 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +----+---------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+---------+-----+ | 2 | jason | 39 | | 3 | tom | 37 | | 4 | luck | 22 | | 5 | jack | 33 | | 6 | zhaochj | 29 | +----+---------+-----+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
3.3、update:修改表中的数据
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +----+---------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+---------+-----+ | 2 | jason | 39 | | 3 | tom | 37 | | 4 | luck | 22 | | 5 | jack | 33 | | 6 | zhaochj | 29 | +----+---------+-----+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> UPDATE tb2 SET age=33 WHERE name='zhaochj'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> UPDATE tb2 SET age=11 LIMIT 2; #修改前两行的年龄为11 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +----+---------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+---------+-----+ | 2 | jason | 11 | | 3 | tom | 11 | | 4 | luck | 22 | | 5 | jack | 33 | | 6 | zhaochj | 33 | +----+---------+-----+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
3.4、delete 删除表中数据
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +----+---------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+---------+-----+ | 2 | jason | 11 | | 3 | tom | 11 | | 4 | luck | 22 | | 5 | jack | 33 | | 6 | zhaochj | 33 | +----+---------+-----+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> mysql> DELETE FROM tb2 WHERE name='zhaochj'; #加上where子句限定删除的范围 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.38 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; +----+-------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+-------+-----+ | 2 | jason | 11 | | 3 | tom | 11 | | 4 | luck | 22 | | 5 | jack | 33 | +----+-------+-----+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> DELETE FROM tb2; #这样直接把表中的数据全部删除 Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO tb2 (name,age) VALUES ('zcj',29); #试着插入一行数据 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; #查看数据发现id号不是从"1"开始的,这是因为字段“id”被定义成了“auto_increment”了 +----+------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+------+-----+ | 7 | zcj | 29 | +----+------+-----+ 1 row in set (0.03 sec) mysql> TRUNCATE TABLE tb2; #清空一张表,应该用这个命令,表示重置表,会清空“auto_increment”的计数器 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO tb2 (name,age) VALUES ('zcj',29); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb2; #id号又从“1”开始 +----+------+-----+ | id | name | age | +----+------+-----+ | 1 | zcj | 29 | +----+------+-----+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4、DCL语句
4.1、权限赋予
mysql> GRANT select ON mydb2.tb1 TO 'mydb2user1'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '111111'; #对mydb2数据库中的tb1表授予mydb2user1用户可在任意主机以6个1为密码登陆,但权限只有select mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR mydb2user1; #显示mydb2user1用户的权限信息 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grants for mydb2user1@% | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'mydb2user1'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*FD571203974BA9AFE270FE62151AE967ECA5E0AA' | | GRANT SELECT ON `mydb2`.`tb1` TO 'mydb2user1'@'%' | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 验证权限是否生效: [root@mariadb ~]# mysql -umydb2user1 -p111111 #以mydb2user1登陆 mysql> SHOW DATABASES; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb2 | | test | +--------------------+ mysql> USE mydb2; Database changed mysql> SHOW TABLES; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_mydb2 | +-----------------+ | tb1 | +-----------------+ mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | | 3 | Jack | +------+------+ mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 (id,name) VALUES (4,'Cora'); #没有权限插入数据 ERROR 1142 (42000): INSERT command denied to user 'mydb2user1'@'localhost' for table 'tb1' mysql> GRANT insert ON mydb2.tb1 TO 'mydb2user1'@'%'; #再赋予insert权限 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR mydb2user1; +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grants for mydb2user1@% | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'mydb2user1'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*FD571203974BA9AFE270FE62151AE967ECA5E0AA' | | GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON `mydb2`.`tb1` TO 'mydb2user1'@'%' | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) [root@mariadb ~]# mysql -umydb2user1 -p111111 #再以mydb2user1登陆 mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 (id,name) VALUES (4,'Cora'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; #数据已插入 +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | | 3 | Jack | | 4 | Cora | +------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2、回收权限
[root@mariadb ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 #以root登陆 mysql> REVOKE insert ON mydb2.tb1 FROM mydb2user1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) [root@mariadb ~]# mysql -umydb2user1 -p111111 #以mydb2user1登陆 mysql> INSERT INTO mydb2.tb1 (id,name) VALUES (5,'Lucky'); #无法插入数据,insert权限已被回收 ERROR 1142 (42000): INSERT command denied to user 'mydb2user1'@'localhost' for table 'tb1'
5、事务相关语句
mysql> START TRANSACTION; #开始事务
mysql> SAVEPOINT point_name; #保存一个事务的位置,以方便撤销事务
mysql> ROLLBACK TO point_name; #回滚到一个点
mysql> ROLLBACK; #回滚到开始事务时的状态
mysql> COMMIT; #提交事务
举例:
mysql> START TRANSACTION; #开始事务 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | | 3 | Jack | | 4 | Cora | +------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 (id,name) VALUES (5,'Lucky'); #插入一行数据 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; +------+-------+ | id | name | +------+-------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | | 3 | Jack | | 4 | Cora | | 5 | Lucky | +------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SAVEPOINT p1; #在有id为5这行数据时创建一个保存点 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> DELETE FROM tb1 WHERE id = 2; #删除一行数据 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; +------+-------+ | id | name | +------+-------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 3 | Jack | | 4 | Cora | | 5 | Lucky | +------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> ROLLBACK TO p1; #回滚到保存点p1的状态 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; +------+-------+ | id | name | +------+-------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | | 3 | Jack | | 4 | Cora | | 5 | Lucky | +------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> ROLLBACK; #回滚到事务开始时的状态 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | Zcj | | 2 | Tom | | 3 | Jack | | 4 | Cora | +------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> COMMIT; #提交事务 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
6、mysql查询
为演示各种SELECT语句,建立以下几个表:
一)、表名为“students_tb”,字段为:StudentID,Name,Age,Gender,ClassID,分别存放学生的名字、年龄、性别、有班级的ID号,具体的班级存放在另一张表中
二)、表名为“classes_tb”,字段为:ClassID,Class,TeacherID,分别存放班级的ID号,具体的班级名,这个班级是哪个老师负责的ID号,具体的负责的老师存放在另一张表中
三)、表名为“teacher_tb”,字段为:TeacheID,Name,Age,Gender,分别存放老师的ID号,老师的名字,年龄,性别
mysql> USE mydb1; mysql> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students_tb (StudentID SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,Name CHAR(30) NOT NULL,Age TINYINT UNSIGNED,Gender ENUM('M','F'),ClassID TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL); mysql> INSERT INTO students_tb (Name,Age,Gender,ClassID) VALUES ('Tom',17,'M',1),('Jack',18,'M',3),('Lucy',21,'F',6),('Jimima',15,'F',4),('Jimmy',30,'M',9),('Jim',26,'M',7); mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb; +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+ | StudentID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | M | 1 | | 2 | Jack | 18 | M | 3 | | 3 | Lucy | 21 | F | 6 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | F | 4 | | 5 | Jimmy | 30 | M | 9 | | 6 | Jim | 26 | M | 7 | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+ mysql> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS classes_tb (ClassID TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,Class CHAR(20) NOT NULL,TeacherID TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL); mysql> ALTER TABLE classes_tb ADD UNIQUE KEY (Class); #这个表中的班别应该是唯一的,所以用此sql语句来修改 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> DESC classes_tb; +-----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | ClassID | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | Class | char(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | TeacherID | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | | +-----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO classes_tb (Class,TeacherID) VALUES ('class1',5),('class2',2),('class3',5),('class4',2),('class5',4),('class6',1); mysql> SELECT * FROM classes_tb; +---------+--------+-----------+ | ClassID | Class | TeacherID | +---------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | class1 | 5 | | 2 | class2 | 2 | | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 4 | class4 | 2 | | 5 | class5 | 4 | | 6 | class6 | 1 | +---------+--------+-----------+ mysql> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS teacher_tb (TeacherID TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,Name CHAR(30) NOT NULL,Age TINYINT UNSIGNED,Gender ENUM('M','F')); mysql> INSERT INTO teacher_tb (Name,Age,Gender) VALUES ('Wang baoqiang',30,'M'),('Zhang shanfeng',32,'F'),('Zhao qiang',40,'M'),('Ying hui',50,'M'),('Feng bing',46,'M'),('Qian qiang',37,'M'),('Shun bin',68,'M'); mysql> SELECT * FROM teacher_tb; +-----------+----------------+------+--------+ | TeacherID | Name | Age | Gender | +-----------+----------------+------+--------+ | 1 | Wang baoqiang | 30 | M | | 2 | Zhang shanfeng | 32 | F | | 3 | Zhao qiang | 40 | M | | 4 | Ying hui | 50 | M | | 5 | Feng bing | 46 | M | | 6 | Qian qiang | 37 | M | | 7 | Shun bin | 68 | M | +-----------+----------------+------+--------+ 三个表创建及数据插入完成。
6.1、单表简单查询
语法:
SELECT 字段,字段,... FROM 表名 WHERE 子句;
举例:
查询students_tb表中前5个学生的姓名和年龄
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb LIMIT 5; +--------+------+ | Name | Age | +--------+------+ | Tom | 17 | | Jack | 18 | | Lucy | 21 | | Jimima | 15 | | Jimmy | 30 | +--------+------+
a)、比较运算:>,<,>=,<=,!=,<>,<=>
在students_tb表中查询年龄大于20的学生有哪些:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age>20; +-------+------+ | Name | Age | +-------+------+ | Lucy | 21 | | Jimmy | 30 | | Jim | 26 | +-------+------+
在students_tb表中查询年龄不等于30的学生有哪些:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age!=30; +--------+------+ | Name | Age | +--------+------+ | Tom | 17 | | Jack | 18 | | Lucy | 21 | | Jimima | 15 | | Jim | 26 | +--------+------+
在students_tb表中查询年龄不等于30和不等于15的学生有哪些:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age!=30 and Age!=15; +------+------+ | Name | Age | +------+------+ | Tom | 17 | | Jack | 18 | | Lucy | 21 | | Jim | 26 | +------+------+
b)、BETWEEN...AND..表示在一个范围内的数据
在students_tb表中查询年龄在20到30之间的学生:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age BETWEEN 20 AND 30; +-------+------+ | Name | Age | +-------+------+ | Lucy | 21 | | Jimmy | 30 | | Jim | 26 | +-------+------+
c)、IN (元素,...),表示在一个范围内匹配
在students_tb表中查询年龄是18或26或30的学生:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age IN (18,26,30); #表示查询一个集合内的数据 +-------+------+ | Name | Age | +-------+------+ | Jack | 18 | | Jimmy | 30 | | Jim | 26 | +-------+------+
d)、LIKE子句与RLIKE子句
在students_tb表中查询姓名中有字母“J”,且在后边跟了任意个字符的用户:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Name LIKE 'J%'; +--------+------+ | Name | Age | +--------+------+ | Jack | 18 | | Jimima | 15 | | Jimmy | 30 | | Jim | 26 | +--------+------+ #通配符匹配有“%”,“_” ,“%”表示匹配任意个任意字符,“_”表示匹配任意单个字符
在students_tb表中查询姓名以“J”开头,后接任意字符,再接有一个m或多个m,再后接任意个字符,并且以y结尾的学生:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Name RLIKE '^J.*m+.*y$'; #正则匹配 +-------+------+ | Name | Age | +-------+------+ | Jimmy | 30 | +-------+------+
e)、逻辑运算符(NOT,AND,OR),优先级依次降低
在students_tb表中查询学生姓名以“J”开头,并且年龄大于20的信息:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Name RLIKE '^J' && Age>20; #“&&”=“AND” +-------+------+ | Name | Age | +-------+------+ | Jimmy | 30 | | Jim | 26 | +-------+------+
在students_tb表中查询年龄是30或者是15的学生:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age=30 OR Age=15; #“OR”="||" +--------+------+ | Name | Age | +--------+------+ | Jimima | 15 | | Jimmy | 30 | +--------+------+
在students_tb表中查询性别不是“F”的学生:
mysql> SELECT Name,Gender FROM students_tb WHERE NOT Gender='F'; +-------+--------+ | Name | Gender | +-------+--------+ | Tom | M | | Jack | M | | Jimmy | M | | Jim | M | +-------+--------+
在students_tb表中查询年龄在10到26之间,姓名以“J”或“L”开头的女生:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age,Gender FROM students_tb WHERE Age>=10 AND Age<=26 AND (Name LIKE 'J%' OR Name LIKE '%L') AND Gender='F'; +--------+------+--------+ | Name | Age | Gender | +--------+------+--------+ | Jimima | 15 | F | +--------+------+--------+ 注:逻辑运算是有优先级的,如果不用括号那得到的结果与预想的不一样。
f)、聚合函数:MAX(),MIN(),AVG(),SUM(),COUNT()
在students_tb表中查询年龄最大的学生是谁:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age = (SELECT MAX(Age) FROM students_tb); +-------+------+ | Name | Age | +-------+------+ | Jimmy | 30 | +-------+------+
在students_tb表中查询年龄最小的学生是谁:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age = (SELECT MIN(Age) FROM students_tb); +--------+------+ | Name | Age | +--------+------+ | Jimima | 15 | +--------+------+
在students_tb表中求所有学生年龄的平均值
mysql> SELECT AVG(Age) FROM students_tb; +----------+ | AVG(Age) | +----------+ | 21.1667 | +----------+
g)、GROUP BY 分组,及HAVING子句
在students_tb表中求男生、女生年龄分别的平均值:
mysql> SELECT Gender,AVG(Age) FROM students_tb GROUP BY Gender; +--------+----------+ | Gender | AVG(Age) | +--------+----------+ | M | 22.7500 | | F | 18.0000 | +--------+----------+
显示students_tb表中分别显示男生,女生的最大年龄:
mysql> SELECT Gender,MAX(Age) FROM students_tb GROUP BY Gender; +--------+----------+ | Gender | MAX(Age) | +--------+----------+ | M | 30 | | F | 21 | +--------+----------+
为了演示HAVING子句,现在加入以下数据:
mysql> INSERT INTO students_tb (Name,Age,Gender,ClassID) VALUES ('Cora',25,'F',6),('Echo',58,'F',7),('张三',47,'M',3); mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb; +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+ | StudentID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | M | 1 | | 2 | Jack | 18 | M | 3 | | 3 | Lucy | 21 | F | 6 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | F | 4 | | 5 | Jimmy | 30 | M | 9 | | 6 | Jim | 26 | M | 7 | | 7 | Cora | 25 | F | 6 | | 8 | Echo | 58 | F | 7 | | 9 | 张三 | 47 | M | 3 | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+
以班级排序,显示students_tb表中各个班级中年龄最小的同学,只显示年龄小于20的的班级:
mysql> SELECT ClassID,Name,MIN(Age) FROM students_tb GROUP BY ClassID; +---------+--------+----------+ | ClassID | Name | MIN(Age) | +---------+--------+----------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | | 3 | Jack | 18 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | | 6 | Lucy | 21 | | 7 | Jim | 26 | | 9 | Jimmy | 30 | +---------+--------+----------+ mysql> SELECT ClassID,Name,MIN(Age) FROM students_tb GROUP BY ClassID HAVING MIN(Age)<20; +---------+--------+----------+ | ClassID | Name | MIN(Age) | +---------+--------+----------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | | 3 | Jack | 18 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | +---------+--------+----------+
h)、ORDER BY排序
以性别分组,分别计算男女生的年龄之和,并逆序排列:
mysql> SELECT Gender,SUM(Age) FROM students_tb GROUP BY Gender ORDER BY SUM(Age) DESC; +--------+----------+ | Gender | SUM(Age) | +--------+----------+ | M | 138 | | F | 119 | +--------+----------+
查看students_tb表中男女生各是多少:
mysql> SELECT Gender,COUNT(Name) FROM students_tb GROUP BY Gender; +--------+-------------+ | Gender | COUNT(Name) | +--------+-------------+ | M | 5 | | F | 4 | +--------+-------------+
6.2、多表组合查询
6.2.1、联结查询(交叉联结,内联结,外联结(左外联结、右外联结))
a)、交叉联结(返回笛卡尔集)
关键字:CROSS JOIN
mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb CROSS JOIN classes_tb; #结果略,类似数学里的多项式相乘,这种对服务器的开销特别大,极少使用。
b)、自然联结:让两张表的某个相同字段进行等值关系联结,是左右外联结的交集
关键字:NATURAL...JOIN
mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb NATURAL JOIN classes_tb; +---------+-----------+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+ | ClassID | StudentID | Name | Age | Gender | Class | TeacherID | +---------+-----------+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | 1 | Tom | 17 | M | class1 | 5 | | 3 | 2 | Jack | 18 | M | class3 | 5 | | 3 | 12 | 张三 | 47 | M | class3 | 5 | | 4 | 4 | Jimima | 15 | F | class4 | 2 | | 6 | 3 | Lucy | 21 | F | class6 | 1 | | 6 | 10 | Cora | 25 | F | class6 | 1 | +---------+-----------+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+ 注意:在表students_tb中有些有的ClassID,而在classed_tb中没有相对应的值,采用内联结里是不显示出来的。
显示学生的信息,所在的班级也要显示出来:
mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb,classes_tb WHERE students_tb.ClassID=classes_tb.ClassID; #其实也是交叉联结过虑后的结果 +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | StudentID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | ClassID | Class | TeacherID | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | M | 1 | 1 | class1 | 5 | | 2 | Jack | 18 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 9 | 张三 | 47 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | F | 4 | 4 | class4 | 2 | | 3 | Lucy | 21 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | | 7 | Cora | 25 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+
c)、外联结
左外联结(语法:左表 LEFT JOIN 右表 ON 条件)
显示各个同学是哪个班级的,如果此同学还没有给定班级,则留空:
mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb LEFT JOIN classes_tb ON students_tb.ClassID=classes_tb.ClassID; +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | StudentID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | ClassID | Class | TeacherID | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | M | 1 | 1 | class1 | 5 | | 2 | Jack | 18 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 3 | Lucy | 21 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | F | 4 | 4 | class4 | 2 | | 5 | Jimmy | 30 | M | 9 | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 6 | Jim | 26 | M | 7 | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 7 | Cora | 25 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | | 8 | Echo | 58 | F | 7 | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 9 | 张三 | 47 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+
右外联结(语法:左表 RIGHT JION 右表 ON 条件)
显示各个班级有哪些同学,如果这个班级没有同学就留空:
mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb RIGHT JOIN classes_tb ON students_tb.ClassID=classes_tb.ClassID; +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | StudentID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | ClassID | Class | TeacherID | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | M | 1 | 1 | class1 | 5 | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | class2 | 2 | | 2 | Jack | 18 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 9 | 张三 | 47 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | F | 4 | 4 | class4 | 2 | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | class5 | 4 | | 3 | Lucy | 21 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | | 7 | Cora | 25 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+
全外联结:
mysql无全外联结
6.2.2、联合查询:UNION
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM teacher_tb WHERE Age > 40 UNION SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age > 30; +-----------+------+ | Name | Age | +-----------+------+ | Ying hui | 50 | | Feng bing | 46 | | Shun bin | 68 | | Echo | 58 | | 张三 | 47 | +-----------+------+
查询同学所对应的负责老师:
mysql> SELECT students_tb.Name AS student_name,teacher_tb.Name AS teacher_name FROM students_tb,classes_tb,teacher_tb WHERE students_tb.ClassID=classes_tb.ClassID AND classes_tb.TeacherID=teacher_tb.TeacherID; +--------------+----------------+ | student_name | teacher_name | +--------------+----------------+ | Tom | Feng bing | | Jack | Feng bing | | 张三 | Feng bing | | Jimima | Zhang shanfeng | | Lucy | Wang baoqiang | | Cora | Wang baoqiang | +--------------+----------------+
6.2.3、内联结:INNER JON...ON
语法:
表1 AS 别名1 INNER JOIN 表1 AS 别名2 ON 别名1.字段=别名2.字段
mysql> SELECT * FROM students_tb AS s INNER JOIN classes_tb AS c ON s.ClassID = c.ClassID; +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | StudentID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | ClassID | Class | TeacherID | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | Tom | 17 | M | 1 | 1 | class1 | 5 | | 2 | Jack | 18 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 12 | 张三 | 47 | M | 3 | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 4 | Jimima | 15 | F | 4 | 4 | class4 | 2 | | 3 | Lucy | 21 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | | 10 | Cora | 25 | F | 6 | 6 | class6 | 1 | +-----------+--------+------+--------+---------+---------+--------+-----------+
6.3、子查询
6.3.1、WHERE子查询
显示年龄大于平均年龄的学生:
mysql> SELECT Name,Age FROM students_tb WHERE Age > (SELECT AVG(Age) FROM students_tb); +--------+------+ | Name | Age | +--------+------+ | Jimmy | 30 | | Echo | 58 | | 张三 | 47 | +--------+------+
查询学生表中给定来存在的班级的学生信息:
mysql> SELECT * FROM classes_tb; +---------+--------+-----------+ | ClassID | Class | TeacherID | +---------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | class1 | 5 | | 2 | class2 | 2 | | 3 | class3 | 5 | | 4 | class4 | 2 | | 5 | class5 | 4 | | 6 | class6 | 1 | +---------+--------+-----------+ #只有6个班级 mysql> SELECT Name,ClassID FROM students_tb WHERE ClassID NOT IN (SELECT ClassID FROM classes_tb); +-------+---------+ | Name | ClassID | +-------+---------+ | Jimmy | 9 | | Jim | 7 | | Echo | 7 | +-------+---------+ #7和9这两个班级是不存在的
查询各个班级中同学年龄大于全校平均年龄的同学的个数:
mysql> SELECT ClassID,COUNT(Name) FROM students_tb WHERE Age > (SELECT AVG(Age) FROM students_tb) GROUP BY ClassID; +---------+-------------+ | ClassID | COUNT(Name) | +---------+-------------+ | 3 | 1 | | 7 | 1 | | 9 | 1 | +---------+-------------+ mysql> SELECT Name,Age,ClassID FROM students_tb WHERE Age > (SELECT AVG(Age) FROM students_tb); #验证上边的结果 +--------+------+---------+ | Name | Age | ClassID | +--------+------+---------+ | Jimmy | 30 | 9 | | Echo | 58 | 7 | | 张三 | 47 | 3 | +--------+------+---------+
6.3.2、FROM子查询:
查询表中男性同学中年龄大于20的:
mysql> SELECT * FROM (SELECT Name,Age,Gender FROM students_tb WHERE Gender='M') AS S WHERE Age > 20; +--------+------+--------+ | Name | Age | Gender | +--------+------+--------+ | Jimmy | 30 | M | | Jim | 26 | M | | 张三 | 47 | M | +--------+------+--------+
mysql中对子查询优化很有限,建议不要使用子查询,可改为其他的简单查询或联合查询。