Linux常用命令笔记---文件系统的备份、恢复、与监控
| 在使用Dump工具备份文件系统时必须被卸载或是挂载成只读形式，Dump工具也能备份单独的目录，但是限制比较多，功能不是很完善。支持两种备份方式，支持10种级别的定制备份方式。 完全备份：0 差异备份：1-9 |
[root@szm ~]# man dump
SYNOPSIS
dump [-level#]-指定数据备份的级别 [-ackMnqSuv] [-A file]-指定备份时的存档文件 [-B records] [-b blocksize]-备份时指定数据块大小 [-d density] [-D file] [-e inode num-
bers] [-E file] [-f file]-将备份的数据保存为文件 [-F script] [-h level] [-I nr errors] [-jcompression level] [-L label] [-Q
file] [-s feet] [-T date] [-y] [-zcompression level] files-to-dump
dump [-W | -w]
| -u：将备份的时间记录到/etc/dumpdates文件内 -v：显示备份过程 -W：列出/etc/fstab分区中设置有备份的分区是否备份过 -S：查看备份数据的容量 |
[root@szm Desktop]# yum install dump
| 当备份子目录时，不能使用u参数 |
[root@szm dump]# dump -1 -f ./home-level1.dump /home/
DUMP: Only level 0 dumps are allowed on a subdirectory
DUMP: The ENTIRE dump is aborted.
| 只有Level0级别能使用在子目录中 |
[root@szm dump]# dump -0u -f /mnt/sdb6/test.level1.dump /mnt/sdb7
DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013
DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb7 (/mnt/sdb7) to /mnt/sdb6/test.level1.dump
DUMP: Label: none
DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records
DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
DUMP: estimated 25 blocks.
DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Tue Mar 12 16:48:39 2013
DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]
DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
DUMP: Closing /mnt/sdb6/test.level1.dump
DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Tue Mar 12 16:48:39 2013
DUMP: Volume 1 20 blocks (0.02MB)
DUMP: 20 blocks (0.02MB) on 1 volume(s)
DUMP: finished in less than a second
DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013
DUMP: Date this dump completed: Tue Mar 12 16:48:39 2013
DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s
DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
[root@szm dump]# ll /mnt/sdb6/
total 34
drwx------. 2 root root 12288 Mar 12 16:36 lost+found
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20480 Mar 12 16:48 test.level1.dump
[root@szm dump]# cat /etc/dumpdates
/dev/sdb7 0 Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013 +0800----------完成备份时间
[root@szm dump]# dump -W---------------查看已经做过数据备份的分区
Last dump(s) done (Dump '>' file systems):
> /dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_root ( /) Last dump: never
> /dev/sda1 ( /boot) Last dump: never
/dev/sdb6 (/mnt/sdb6) Last dump: never
/dev/sdb7 (/mnt/sdb7) Last dump: Level 0, Date Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013
[root@szm dump]# dump -0z -f /mnt/sdb7/mail.dump.gz /var/spool/mail------使用gzip压缩
DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Mar 12 16:53:40 2013
DUMP: Dumping /dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_root (/ (dir var/spool/mail)) to /mnt/sdb7/mail.dump.gz
DUMP: Label: none
DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records
DUMP: Compressing output at compression level 2 (zlib)
DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
DUMP: estimated 392 blocks.
DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Tue Mar 12 16:53:41 2013
DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]
DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
DUMP: Closing /mnt/sdb7/mail.dump.gz
DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Tue Mar 12 16:53:41 2013
DUMP: 410 blocks (0.40MB) on 1 volume(s)
DUMP: finished in less than a second
DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Mar 12 16:53:40 2013
DUMP: Date this dump completed: Tue Mar 12 16:53:41 2013
DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s
DUMP: Wrote 410kB uncompressed, 34kB compressed, 12.059:1
DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
==================Sdb7文件系统发生改变
[root@szm dump]# ll /mnt/sdb7
total 55
drwx------. 2 root root 12288 Mar 12 16:47 lost+found
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 35657 Mar 12 16:53 mail.dump.gz
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 1024 Mar 12 16:48 testdir
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 1024 Mar 12 16:57 testdir1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Mar 12 16:48 testfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Mar 12 16:58 testfile2
=======================使用Level1级别的Dump
[root@szm dump]# dump -1u -f /mnt/sdb6/level1.dump /mnt/sdb7
DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Tue Mar 12 17:00:08 2013
DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013
DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb7 (/mnt/sdb7) to /mnt/sdb6/level1.dump
DUMP: Label: none
DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records
DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
DUMP: estimated 55 blocks.
DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Tue Mar 12 17:00:09 2013
DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]
DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
DUMP: Closing /mnt/sdb6/level1.dump
DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Tue Mar 12 17:00:09 2013
DUMP: Volume 1 60 blocks (0.06MB)
DUMP: 60 blocks (0.06MB) on 1 volume(s)
DUMP: finished in less than a second
DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Tue Mar 12 17:00:08 2013
DUMP: Date this dump completed: Tue Mar 12 17:00:09 2013
DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s
DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
[root@szm dump]# ll -h /mnt/sdb6
total 99K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 60K Mar 12 17:00 level1.dump
drwx------. 2 root root 12K Mar 12 16:36 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 1.0K Mar 12 16:55 testdir1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Mar 12 16:56 testfile2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20K Mar 12 16:48 test.level1.dump
[root@szm dump]# cat /etc/dumpdates
/dev/sdb7 0 Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013 +0800
/dev/sdb7 1 Tue Mar 12 17:04:02 2013 +0800
[root@szm dump]# dump -W
Last dump(s) done (Dump '>' file systems):
> /dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_root ( /) Last dump: never
> /dev/sda1 ( /boot) Last dump: never
/dev/sdb6 (/mnt/sdb6) Last dump: never
/dev/sdb7 (/mnt/sdb7) Last dump: Level 1, Date Tue Mar 12 17:04:02 2013
| 数据恢复工具：restore |
[root@szm dump]# restore --help
restore: invalid option -- '-'
restore 0.4b42 (using libext2fs 1.41.12 of 17-May-2010)
usage: restore -C（比较并列出不同的数据） [-cdeHlMvVy] [-b blocksize] [-D filesystem] [-E mls]
[-f file] [-F script] [-L limit] [-s fileno]
restore -i （目录还原参数，提示用户有选择性地还原特定数据）
[-acdehHlmMouvVy] [-A file] [-b blocksize] [-E mls]
[-f file] [-F script] [-Q file] [-s fileno]
restore -P file（从定义好还原内容的文件中提取数据） [-acdhHlmMuvVy] [-b blocksize]
[-f file] [-F script] [-s fileno] [-X filelist] [file ...]
restore -r（使用备份数据还原整个文件系统） [-cdeHlMuvVy] [-b blocksize] [-E mls]
[-f file] [-F script] [-s fileno] [-T directory]
restore -R（多个文件中还原，支持中断操作） [-cdeHlMuvVy] [-b blocksize] [-E mls]
[-f file] [-F script] [-s fileno] [-T directory]（指定恢复数据的临时目录）
restore -t（查看备份中有哪些数据） [-cdhHlMuvVy] [-A file] [-b blocksize]
[-f file] [-F script] [-Q file] [-s fileno] [-X filelist] [file ...]
restore -x（要恢复数据从媒介中提取） [-acdehHlmMouvVy] [-A file] [-b blocksize] [-E mls]
[-f file] [-F script] [-Q file] [-s fileno] [-X filelist] [file ...]
| o：无需确认操作自动还原当前目录权限 |
[root@szm dump]# restore -t -f /mnt/sdb6/test.level1.dump （查看）
Dump date: Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013
Dumped from: the epoch
Level 0 dump of /mnt/sdb7 on szm:/dev/sdb7
Label: none
2 .
11 ./lost+found
2009 ./testdir
12 ./testfile
[root@szm dump]# restore -C -f /mnt/sdb6/test.level1.dump （比较，不同的有显示）
Dump date: Tue Mar 12 16:48:38 2013
Dumped from: the epoch
Level 0 dump of /mnt/sdb7 on szm:/dev/sdb7
Label: none
filesys = /mnt/sdb7
./testfile: size has changed.
Some files were modified! 1 compare errors
[root@szm sdb8]# restore -r -f /mnt/sdb6/test.level1.dump （还原，还原在当前目录）
[root@szm sdb8]# restore -r -f /mnt/sdb6/level1.dump （Level1的还原）
| [root@szm sdb8]# restore -i -f /mnt/sdb6/level1.dump |
数据备份与恢复工具dd：
[root@szm sdb8]# dd --help
Usage: dd [OPERAND]...
or: dd OPTION
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands.
bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=)
cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time
conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list
count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks
ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512)
if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list
obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512)
of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list
seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output
skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input
status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics
BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes:
c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M
GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.
Each CONV symbol may be:
ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII
ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC
ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC
block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size
unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline
lcase change upper case to lower case
nocreat do not create the output file
excl fail if the output file already exists
notrunc do not truncate the output file
ucase change lower case to upper case
swab swap every pair of input bytes
noerror continue after read errors
sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used
with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs
fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing
fsync likewise, but also write metadata
Each FLAG symbol may be:
append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested)
direct use direct I/O for data
directory fail unless a directory
dsync use synchronized I/O for data
sync likewise, but also for metadata
fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only)
nonblock use non-blocking I/O
noatime do not update access time
noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file
nofollow do not follow symlinks
Sending a USR1 signal to a running `dd' process makes it
print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying.
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$!
$ kill -USR1 $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid
18335302+0 records in
18335302+0 records out
9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s
Options are:
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report dd bugs to [email protected]
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'dd invocation'
==========读取硬盘分区表
[root@szm sdb8]# dd if=/dev/sdb of=/sdb.mbr bs=512 count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000201859 s, 2.5 MB/s
[root@szm sdb8]# file /sdb.mbr
/sdb.mbr: x86 boot sector; partition 1: ID=0x83, starthead 1, startsector 63, 224847 sectors; partition 2: ID=0x8e, starthead 0, startsector 224910, 417690 sectors; partition 3: ID=0x5, starthead 0, startsector 642600, 41287050 sectors, code offset 0x0
文件系统监控工具：df/du/gnome-system-monitor
[root@szm sdb8]# df --help
Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides,
or all file systems by default.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all include dummy file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks-----指定
--direct show statistics for a file instead of mount point
--total produce a grand total
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --local limit listing to local file systems
--no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)
-P, --portability use the POSIX output format
--sync invoke sync before getting usage info
-t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE-----显示指定类型的文件系统
-T, --print-type print file system type---------------------------显示文件系统的类型
-x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
-v (ignored)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Report df bugs to [email protected]
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'df invocation'
[root@szm sdb8]# du --help
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total-----计算文件与目录的统计总数
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file
names specified in file F;
If F is - then read names from standard input
-H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked
-m like --block-size=1M
-L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links
-P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)
-0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories
-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument
-x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN
--max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--time show time of the last modification of any file in the
directory, or any of its subdirectories
--time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time:
atime, access, use, ctime or status
--time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DU_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Report du bugs to [email protected]
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'du invocation'
[root@szm sdb8]# df -h | grep sd
/dev/sda1 485M 90M 370M 20% /boot
/dev/sdb6 16M 1.3M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb6
/dev/sdb7 16M 1.2M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb7
/dev/sdb8 16M 1.2M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb8
[root@szm sdb8]# df -H -h -T | grep sd（1000）
/dev/sda1 ext4 485M 90M 370M 20% /boot
/dev/sdb6 ext3 16M 1.3M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb6
/dev/sdb7 ext3 16M 1.2M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb7
/dev/sdb8 ext3 16M 1.2M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb8
[root@szm sdb8]# df -a -H -h -T（所有）
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_root
ext4 18G 7.4G 9.3G 45% /
proc proc 0 0 0 - /proc
sysfs sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys
devpts devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts
tmpfs tmpfs 250M 228K 250M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 485M 90M 370M 20% /boot
none binfmt_misc 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
.host:/ vmhgfs 102G 101G 1.7G 99% /mnt/hgfs
vmware-vmblock
fuse.vmware-vmblock 0 0 0 - /var/run/vmblock-fuse
sunrpc rpc_pipefs 0 0 0 - /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs
/dev/sdb6 ext3 16M 1.3M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb6
/dev/sdb7 ext3 16M 1.2M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb7
/dev/sdb8 ext3 16M 1.2M 14M 9% /mnt/sdb8
[root@szm sdb8]# du -h /mnt/sdb7
2.0K /mnt/sdb7/testdir
2.0K /mnt/sdb7/testdir1
12K /mnt/sdb7/lost+found
58K /mnt/sdb7