oracle学习笔记

连接Oracle

最高权限的用户不做校验

conn scott/tiger  as sysdba (加了as sysdba之后,后面scott的密码不管对不对,都能连接进去)

conn scott/tiger 不加as sysdba之后,密码不对是连接不上去的

oracle对高高权限的用户是不做校验的,不管密码对不对都能连接上去oracle



解锁用户

alter user scott identified by oracle account unlock;


sql:

select * from tab; 查看当前用户有哪些表


oracle大部分都是不区分大小写的

只有一小部分才区分大小写


去重 distinct select distinct(empno) from emp;

select empno,sal*12 from emp;

select empno,sal*12+100 from emp;


select 是控制列,where是控制有多少行


select empno,sal from emp where sal in(1600,1500); in是或者1500或者是1600

select empno,sal from emp where sal=1600 or sal=1500;

select empno,sal,deptno from emp where sal between 1000 and 3000 and (deptno in (10,20) );

各个and,执行顺序,现在Oracle不分了


日期

修改时间格式

alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd'  session是当前会话有效

alter system (永久生效)

alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';


select empno,hiredate from emp where hiredate>to_date('1981-02-20','yyyy-mm-dd')

select empno,hiredate from emp where hiredate>'1981-02-20'; oracle内部做了隐式转换,这样也可以,但性能不会太好


ORder by

select empno,sal from emp order by 2 desc


select empno,sal from emp where sal >1000 and sal < 4000 order by sal desc;


模糊查询Like 在做like 模糊查询的时候,区分大小写的


表的连接

复杂查询

select ename from emp where sal>(select sal from emp where ename='SMITH'); where后面接一个子查询

2个表进行关联的查询

没有重名的就可以不用写表名



select ename from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and dname='SALES';

select ename from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where dname='SALES');


count(*)是所有的

count(empno)

count(mgr)


select deptno,count(*) from emp group by deptno

select 有几个,group by 就有多少个


薪资最高的前3个人

select * from (select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc ) where rownum<4;

select ename,sal from emp where rownum<4 order by sal desc; 这样就实现不到预想的结果


ENAME             SAL

---------- ----------

ALLEN            1600

WARD             1250

SMITH             800


create table emp01 (

 2  empName varchar2(50),

 3  empSex CHAR(2),

 4  empJoinDate DATE,

 5  empSal number(10,2)

 6  );




create table emp01_bak select * from emp01;

create table emp01_bak select * from emp01

                      *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00922: missing or invalid option


create table emp01_bak  as select * from emp01; 应该加 as


表的重命名

alter table emp01_bak rename to emp01_copy;



SCOTT@orcl 19-MAY-13>select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd') from dual;


TO_CHAR(SY

----------

2013-05-19


SCOTT@orcl 19-MAY-13>select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual;


TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY

-------------------

2013-05-19 04:17:14


SCOTT@orcl >desc student

Name                                      Null?    Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

XH                                                 NUMBER(4)

XM                                                 VARCHAR2(10)

SEX                                                CHAR(2)

BIRTHDAY                                           DATE

SAL                                                NUMBER(7,2)


insert into student values(2,'S2','M',to_date('2013-05-19','yyyy-mm-dd'),200);



create table stu_1 as select birthday from student;

create table stu_2 as select * from student where 1=2;



select keyword from v$reserved_words; 查看关键字



插入语句的练习

insert into a(ename,cdate) values('landy',to_date('2010-10-1','yyyy-mm-dd') );

insert into a(id) values(10);

insert into a values(2,'a',null);


SCOTT@orcl 19-MAY-13>select * from a;


       ID ENAME                          CDATE

---------- ------------------------------ ---------

        1 a

        2 a

       10

          landy                          01-OCT-10

        3 aaa                            10-JAN-01

显示时间是按oracle默认的时间格式,如果需要改成我们自己需要的格式,改参数nls_date_format

alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd'; (session是本会话session生效)

SCOTT@orcl >select * from a;


       ID ENAME                          CDATE

---------- ------------------------------ ----------

        1 a

        2 a

       10

          landy                          2010-10-01

        3 aaa                            2001-01-10



create table x as select * from dept where 2=3;

insert into x select * from dept;


create table y as select deptno,dname from dept where 1=2;

insert into y select deptno,dname from dept;

insert into y select deptno,dname from dept where deptno=10;



记录当前有哪些约束

约束类型

- NOT NULL

- UNIQUE

- PRIMARY KEY 不能为空,唯一,默认会创建索引,一个表只能创建一个主键

- FOREIGE KEY 外键的值必须是在主键里面有的,否则会报错,保持一致性

- CHECK

user_constraints

select CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME from user_constraints;


alter table ep add constraint che_sal check (sal>=0);

insert into  ep values('landy',-100); 加了check约束之后,sal插入负值就会报错

insert into  ep values('landy',-100)

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.CHE_SAL) violated


把所操作的 命令导入到某个文件里面用下面的方法

spool /home/oracle/1.txt

spool off



薪资最高的前3个人


SCOTT@orcl 19-MAY-13>select rownum,empno,sal from (select rownum rownuminside,empno,sal from emp_cc order by sal desc) A where rownum<4 ;


   ROWNUM      EMPNO        SAL

---------- ---------- ----------

        1       7839       5000

        2       7788       3000

        3       7902       3000


SCOTT@orcl 19-MAY-13>select rownum,A.* from (select rownum rownuminside,empno,sal from emp_cc order by sal desc) A where rownum<4 ;


   ROWNUM ROWNUMINSIDE      EMPNO        SAL

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------

        1            9       7839       5000

        2            8       7788       3000

        3           13       7902       3000




SCOTT@orcl 19-MAY-13>select *  from (select rownum,empno,sal from emp_cc order by sal desc) A where rownum<4 ;


   ROWNUM      EMPNO        SAL

---------- ---------- ----------

        9       7839       5000

        8       7788       3000

       13       7902       3000


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