Rolling cURL: PHP并发最佳实践

在实际项目或者自己编写小工具(比如新闻聚合,商品价格监控,比价)的过程中, 通常需要从第3方网站或者API接口获取数据, 在需要处理1个URL队列时, 为了提高性能, 可以采用cURL提供的curl_multi_*族函数实现简单的并发.

  本文将探讨两种具体的实现方法, 并对不同的方法做简单的性能对比.

  1. 经典cURL并发机制及其存在的问题

  经典的cURL实现机制在网上很容易找到, 比如参考PHP在线手册的如下实现方式:

function classic_curl($urls, $delay) {
$queue = curl_multi_init();
$map = array();

foreach ($urls as $url) {
// create cURL resources
$ch = curl_init();

// set URL and other appropriate options
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, true);

// add handle
curl_multi_add_handle($queue, $ch);
$map[$url] = $ch;
}

$active = null;

// execute the handles
do {
$mrc = curl_multi_exec($queue, $active);
} while ($mrc == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM);

while ($active > 0 && $mrc == CURLM_OK) {
if (curl_multi_select($queue, 0.5) != -1) {
do {
$mrc = curl_multi_exec($queue, $active);
} while ($mrc == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM);
}
}

$responses = array();
foreach ($map as $url=>$ch) {
$responses[$url] = callback(curl_multi_getcontent($ch), $delay);
curl_multi_remove_handle($queue, $ch);
curl_close($ch);
}

curl_multi_close($queue);
return $responses;
}


  首先将所有的URL压入并发队列, 然后执行并发过程, 等待所有请求接收完之后进行数据的解析等后续处理. 在实际的处理过程中, 受网络传输的影响, 部分URL的内容会优先于其他URL返回, 但是经典cURL并发必须等待最慢的那个URL返回之后才开始处理, 等待也就意味着CPU的空闲和浪费. 如果URL队列很短, 这种空闲和浪费还处在可接受的范围, 但如果队列很长, 这种等待和浪费将变得不可接受.

  2. 改进的Rolling cURL并发方式

  仔细分析不难发现经典cURL并发还存在优化的空间, 优化的方式时当某个URL请求完毕之后尽可能快的去处理它, 边处理边等待其他的URL返回, 而不是等待那个最慢的接口返回之后才开始处理等工作, 从而避免CPU的空闲和浪费. 闲话不多说, 下面贴上具体的实现:

function rolling_curl($urls, $delay) {
$queue = curl_multi_init();
$map = array();

foreach ($urls as $url) {
$ch = curl_init();

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, true);

curl_multi_add_handle($queue, $ch);
$map[(string) $ch] = $url;
}

$responses = array();
do {
while (($code = curl_multi_exec($queue, $active)) == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM) ;

if ($code != CURLM_OK) { break; }

// a request was just completed -- find out which one
while ($done = curl_multi_info_read($queue)) {

// get the info and content returned on the request
$info = curl_getinfo($done['handle']);
$error = curl_error($done['handle']);
$results = callback(curl_multi_getcontent($done['handle']), $delay);
$responses[$map[(string) $done['handle']]] = compact('info', 'error', 'results');

// remove the curl handle that just completed
curl_multi_remove_handle($queue, $done['handle']);
curl_close($done['handle']);
}

// Block for data in / output; error handling is done by curl_multi_exec
if ($active > 0) {
curl_multi_select($queue, 0.5);
}

} while ($active);

curl_multi_close($queue);
return $responses;
}


  3. 两种并发实现的性能对比

  改进前后的性能对比试验在LINUX主机上进行, 测试时使用的并发队列如下:

  http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=14392877692

  http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=16231676302

  http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=17037160462

  http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=5522416710

  http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=16551116403

  http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=14088310973

  简要说明下实验设计的原则和性能测试结果的格式: 为保证结果的可靠, 每组实验重复20次, 在单次实验中, 给定相同的接口URL集合, 分别测量Classic(指经典的并发机制)和Rolling(指改进后的并发机制)两种并发机制的耗时(秒为单位), 耗时短者胜出(Winner), 并计算节省的时间(Excellence, 秒为单位)以及性能提升比例(Excel. %). 为了尽量贴近真实的请求而又保持实验的简单, 在对返回结果的处理上只是做了简单的正则表达式匹配, 而没有进行其他复杂的操作. 另外, 为了确定结果处理回调对性能对比测试结果的影响, 可以使用usleep模拟现实中比较负责的数据处理逻辑(如提取, 分词, 写入文件或数据库等).

  性能测试中用到的回调函数为:

function callback($data, $delay) {
preg_match_all('/<h3>(.+)<\/h3>/iU', $data, $matches);
usleep($delay);
return compact('data', 'matches');
}


  数据处理回调无延迟时: Rolling Curl略优, 但性能提升效果不明显.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Delay: 0 micro seconds, equals to 0 milli seconds
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Counter         Classic         Rolling         Winner          Excellence      Excel. %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1               0.1193          0.0390          Rolling         0.0803          67.31%
2               0.0556          0.0477          Rolling         0.0079          14.21%
3               0.0461          0.0588          Classic         -0.0127         -21.6%
4               0.0464          0.0385          Rolling         0.0079          17.03%
5               0.0534          0.0448          Rolling         0.0086          16.1%
6               0.0540          0.0714          Classic         -0.0174         -24.37%
7               0.0386          0.0416          Classic         -0.0030         -7.21%
8               0.0357          0.0398          Classic         -0.0041         -10.3%
9               0.0437          0.0442          Classic         -0.0005         -1.13%
10              0.0319          0.0348          Classic         -0.0029         -8.33%
11              0.0529          0.0430          Rolling         0.0099          18.71%
12              0.0503          0.0581          Classic         -0.0078         -13.43%
13              0.0344          0.0225          Rolling         0.0119          34.59%
14              0.0397          0.0643          Classic         -0.0246         -38.26%
15              0.0368          0.0489          Classic         -0.0121         -24.74%
16              0.0502          0.0394          Rolling         0.0108          21.51%
17              0.0592          0.0383          Rolling         0.0209          35.3%
18              0.0302          0.0285          Rolling         0.0017          5.63%
19              0.0248          0.0553          Classic         -0.0305         -55.15%
20              0.0137          0.0131          Rolling         0.0006          4.38%
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average         0.0458          0.0436          Rolling         0.0022          4.8%
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary: Classic wins 10 times, while Rolling wins 10 times


数据处理回调延迟5毫秒: Rolling Curl完胜, 性能提升40%左右.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Delay: 5000 micro seconds, equals to 5 milli seconds------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Counter Classic Rolling Winner Excellence Excel. %------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 0.0658 0.0352 Rolling 0.0306 46.5%2 0.0728 0.0367 Rolling 0.0361 49.59%3 0.0732 0.0387 Rolling 0.0345 47.13%4 0.0783 0.0347 Rolling 0.0436 55.68%5 0.0658 0.0286 Rolling 0.0372 56.53%6 0.0687 0.0362 Rolling 0.0325 47.31%7 0.0787 0.0337 Rolling 0.0450 57.18%8 0.0676 0.0391 Rolling 0.0285 42.16%9 0.0668 0.0351 Rolling 0.0317 47.46%10 0.0603 0.0317 Rolling 0.0286 47.43%11 0.0714 0.0350 Rolling 0.0364 50.98%12 0.0627 0.0215 Rolling 0.0412 65.71%13 0.0617 0.0401 Rolling 0.0216 35.01%14 0.0721 0.0226 Rolling 0.0495 68.65%15 0.0701 0.0428 Rolling 0.0273 38.94%16 0.0674 0.0352 Rolling 0.0322 47.77%17 0.0452 0.0425 Rolling 0.0027 5.97%18 0.0596 0.0366 Rolling 0.0230 38.59%19 0.0679 0.0480 Rolling 0.0199 29.31%20 0.0657 0.0338 Rolling 0.0319 48.55%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Average 0.0671 0.0354 Rolling 0.0317 47.24%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Summary: Classic wins 0 times, while Rolling wins 20 times

通过上面的性能对比, 在处理URL队列并发的应用场景中Rolling cURL应该是更加的选择, 并发量非常大(1000+)时, 可以控制并发队列的最大长度, 比如20, 每当1个URL返回并处理完毕之后立即加入1个尚未请求的URL到队列中, 这样写出来的代码会更加健壮, 不至于并发数太大而卡死或崩溃. 详细的实现请参考: http://code.google.com/p/rolling-curl/


转自:http://www.php100.com/html/webkaifa/PHP/PHPyingyong/2012/0619/10566.html

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