英语正式文体与词汇

英语正式文体的语法特征是遗词造句时构词严密、语法结构完整、不出现省略句、省略词及缩略形式;延用传统规范的语法规则、句子平稳、产谨，多使用拉丁词、法语词、古旧词及表示抽象概念的名词。英语非正式文体的语法特征是语法规则不十分产谨、句子结构松散、不对语言进行雕琢、达意即可，使用系动词、助动词和情态动词的缩略形式、运用省略句与省略应词，末用盎格鲁撒克逊词、短语动词、俚语、俗语等。

比较以下句子：

(I)非常正式文体:

May we respectfully remind our distinguished guest that there is a V. I. P. cloakroom for their exclusive use on the 1st floor.

(2) 正式文体:

The management respectfully requests the audience to kindly refrain from smoking in the auditorium.

(3) 中性文体:

Excuse me; I'm trying to get to the Post Office. Could you possibly tell me the way?

(4) 非正式文体

Haven't seen you for ages. How about going for a coffee，then we can catch up on all the news?
(5) 非常不正式文体
Come on , lazybones. Up you get.

1语法特征

l. 1正式文体

为体现交际双方的社会关系不很紧密、地位不平等，或使语言显得严肃、拘谨、尊重，英语的正式文体在语法上的特点为遣词造句构思严密、注重语言逻辑、语法结构完整、不出现省略句、省略词及缩略形式、避免产生歧义、延用传统规范的语法规则、句子显得平稳、严谨等，反映出较高的教育程度。下面是正式文体常见的句子结构和语言现象。

1. 1. 1末端中心句:

(1) In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization. (通过将次要信息in many ways置于句首，突出重要信息the history of our civilization。试比较:The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways.)

(2) The man gave a shout. (无意义动词gave+由原谓语动词转化的a shout构成谓语，使句子避免头重脚轻，试比较:The man shouted. )

(3) I think it a pity that I should help him. (用it作形式宾语)

(4) The time has come for us to face the facts. (不定式作修饰语与中心词the time分离，使句子平衡，试比较:The time for us to face the facts has come. )

1.1.2各种倒装句:

(1) Coward as he was, he ran back as soon as the enemy attacked. (as一引导的原因状语从句表语前置。)

(2) Seldom did a week pass without a request for assessment:(否定词前置。)

(3) Were it all true, it should still not excuse their action.虚拟条件句中将系动词前置。)

(4) In came a lady dressed in white. (表示方向、位置等副词前置。.)

1. 1. 3用非限定动词结构作句子成份:

(1) There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.(独立主格结构作主语。)

(2) That the bride should wear white having been decided, we went ahead with the wedding.(独立主格结构作状语。)

(3) He was a man well known for his honesty.(过去分词短语作定语。)

1.1.4 在虚拟结构中省略should，用be虚拟式:

(I) It is appropriate that he get the post.

(2) If a server serve a fault twice, he shall lose a point.

(3) Someone suggested that they break into small groups.

1.1.5遵循传统、规范的语法规则;
(I) With whom did you discuss the matter? (介词与疑间词或关系代词构成短语时仍前置.)

(2) Whom shall we call?(疑间代词为宾词时仍用whom.)

(3) He mentioned a book of which the title has slipped my memory.(与先行词构成从属关系用of which代替whose.)

(4) She did not like my living in London.(代词所有格而非用宾格作动名词逻辑主语。)

(5) I felt as if I were the centre of universe.(仍用were作as if虚拟从句的谓语。)

1. 1. 6其它语言现象

(1) They were often too poor to buy the cheapest of the houses.(形容词作名词词组的中心词.)

2 词汇特征

正式与非正式文体在词汇上也有相应的辨认特征.正式文体中常用词来源于拉丁语、法语的词汇、古旧词语(archaic words.例如，连词whence , where衍，whither,whence, whilst.)以及从动词派生而来表示抽象概念的名词(例如application, compression, identification, removal)等，而非正式文体、中性文体则常用盎格鲁撒克逊词，短语动词、俚语、俗语等.例如“勇气”这个词，有拉丁词intrepidity, fortitude，法语词valor, valiance, courage, 盎格鲁撒克逊词bravery, boldness , gameness和pluck，还有俚语则guts作形容词时去掉复数词素.例如，To a certain extent，we always operated by gut feeling现将词汇的文体差异分类举例如下:

amend（change, correct）“修改”

assist (help)“帮助”

advise（tell）“通知”

commence （begin或start）“开始”

employ（use）“使用”

cease to do （stop doing） “停止做”

convene (hold, call ) “召开”

construe（explain, interpret）“解释”

deem (think, believe，consider )“认为”

render (give)“给予，提供”

rescind （cancel）“撤消”

terminate（end）“终止”

partake in（join） “参与”

require（ask）“要求”

surrender（give）“递交”

consent （agreement）“同意”

indemnities (compensation )“赔偿”

conveyance （transfer of real estate） “不动产转让”

prior to（before）“在……之前”

provided that（but）“但是”

in accordance with（according to）“按照”

by virtue of (due to, because of )“因为”

as regards/ concerning /relating to (about )“关于”

in effect (in fact) “事实上”

miscellaneous (other matters) “其他事项”

pursuant to （according to ）“依照/按照”

一些副词的用法：

definitely,highly,plainly,surely(表强调）

purportedly,reputedly, seemingly,(表示某种程度的怀疑，likely,maybe)

again,further,furthermore,moreover,particularly(表后句加前句的意义）

nevertheless,nonetheless,notwithstanding(anyway,anyhow)(表让步)

一些连词的用法:

in order that=so that,lest(以免，免得)

whereby=by which (e. He devised a plan whereby he might escape.)

whereupon=after which (e. One of the man insulted another, whereupon a fight broke out.)

whither=to which (e. Go whither you please.)

whence=from which (e. By now he was quite aware as to whence this powerful uprising had sprung.)

whilst=while (e. She sang whilst she worked.)

given that,in case=if 引导条件句

whereas, although=though 引导让步状语从句

save that,but that=unless 引导例外状语从句

such that=so that 引导结果状语从句

一些介词的用法：

atop=on top of

amid,amidst=among (e. We groped amidst the darkness.)

within=in,during

一些代词的用法：

one=we,you,they(泛指“人们”)

he and she,him and her=they,them

its=its own作名词性物主代词单独使用

his=their,him,them用于指代不定代词

一些相关例句：

（1) Going round Italy，one is struck by the number of opera houses there are.

(2) That would depend on which country he or she wanted to go.
(3) The students feet that the essay belongs to him or her.

（4）Everybody has his dream.
（5)History has its lessons and fiction has its.

一、以here开头的词
1.hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2.hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3.hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4.herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5.hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6.hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
二、以there开头的词
1.thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language. In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern. 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2.therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3.thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto. 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4.thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable. 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
三、以where开头的词
1.Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2.Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object. 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……