--本文大纲
简介
什么是高可用集群
Heartbeat工作原理
基于heartbeat v1实现双机热备
一、简介
二、什么是高可用集群
高可用集群,英文原文为High Availability Cluster,简称HA Cluster,是指以减少服务中断(如因服务器宕机等引起的服 务中断)时间为目的的服务器集群技术。简单的说,集群(cluster)就是一组计算机,它们作为一个整体向用户提供一组网络资源。这些单个的计算机系统 就是集群的节点(node)。
高可用集群的出现是为了使集群的整体服务尽可能可用,从而减少由计算机硬件和软件易错性所带来的损 失。它通过保护用户的业务程序对外不间断提供的服务,把因软件/硬件/人为造成的故障对业务的影响降低到最小程度。如果某个节点失效,它的备援节点将在几 秒钟的时间内接管它的职责。因此,对于用户而言,集群永远不会停机。高可用集群软件的主要作用就是实现故障检查和业务切换的自动化。
只有两个节点的高可用集群又称为双机热备,即使用两台服务器互相备份。当一台服务器出现故障时,可由另一台服务器承担服务任务,从而在不需要人工干预的 情况下,自动保证系统能持续对外提供服务。双机热备只是高可用集群的一种,高可用集群系统更可以支持两个以上的节点,提供比双机热备更多、更高级的功能, 更能满足用户不断出现的需求变化。
三、Heartbeat工作原理
heartbeat (Linux-HA)的工作原理:heartbeat最核心的包括两个部分,心跳监测部分和资源接管部分,心跳监测可以通过网络链路和串口进行,而且支持冗 余链路,它们之间相互发送报文来告诉对方自己当前的状态,如果在指定的时间内未收到对方发送的报文,那么就认为对方失效,这时需启动资源接管模块来接管运 行在对方主机上的资源或者服务
四、基于heartbeat v1实现双机热备
注:
配置高可用的前提:
nfs服务器 www.directory.com 192.168.1.118(同时也是集群节点的ping状态检测)
2、node1配置部分
vim /ect/hosts
#uname -n
#vim /etc/sysconfig/network
每一个节点都要这类似这样的设置
#ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '' #ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]
将公钥送达到每一个节点上,(每一个节点都要如此做)
之后就可以使用yum安装EPEL中的包了
#rpm -ivh heartbeat-2.1.4-12.el6.x86_64.rpm heartbeat-stonith-2.1.4-12.el6.x86_64.rpm heartbeat-pils-2.1.4-12.el6.x86_64.rpm
信息层
资源管理器
资源代理
其实这里并没有配置文件,它仅提供一个配置模板,存放于
[root@essun ha.d]# rpm -ql heartbeat |grep ha.cf /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-2.1.4/ha.cf
在这个目录中我们将用到三个文件
[root@essun heartbeat-2.1.4]#pwd /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-2.1.4 [root@essun heartbeat-2.1.4]# ls apphbd.cf HardwareGuide.txt authkeys haresources AUTHORS hb_report.html ChangeLog hb_report.txt COPYING heartbeat_api.html COPYING.LGPL heartbeat_api.txt DirectoryMap.txt logd.cf faqntips.html README faqntips.txt Requirements.html GettingStarted.html Requirements.txt GettingStarted.txt rsync.html ha.cf rsync.txt HardwareGuide.html startstop
#cp /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-2.1.4/{authkeys,haresources,ha.cf } /etc/ha.d/ -a
配置信号算法认证所使用的密钥
#vim /etc/ha.d/authkeys auth 2 #认证算法 #1 crc 2 sha1 HI! #认证所使用的算法 #3 md5 Hello!
或使用openssl生成随机数
[root@essun ha.d]# openssl rand -hex 8 7d4d4401f3d151dc
改变此文件的权限:
[root@essun ha.d]# chmod 600 authkeys [root@essun ha.d]# ll authkeys -rw------- 1 root root 643 Apr 18 00:01 authkeys
配置属性信息
[root@essun ha.d]# grep -v "#" /etc/ha.d/ha.cf |grep -v "^$" logfile /var/log/ha-log keepalive 1000ms deadtime 8 warntime 3 udpport 694 mcast eth0 225.0.32.1 694 1 0 auto_failback on node essun.node1.com node essun.node2.com ping 192.168.1.118 compression bz2 compression_threshold 2 [root@essun ha.d]#
在node1和node2中安装http服务并对其进行访问测试
node1
[root@essun download]# echo "192.168.1.109" > /var/www/html/index.html [root@essun download]# service httpd start Starting httpd: [ OK ] [root@essun download]# curl http://192.168.1.123 192.168.1.123
node2
[root@essun ha.d]# echo "192.168.1.123"> /var/www/html/index.html [root@essun ha.d]# service httpd start Starting httpd: [ OK ] [root@essun ha.d]# curl http://192.168.1.109 192.168.1.109
[root@essun download]# service httpd stop Stopping httpd: [ OK ] [root@essun download]# chkconfig httpd off
node2
[root@essun ha.d]# service httpd stop Stopping httpd: [ OK ] [root@essun ha.d]# chkconfig httpd off
[root@essun ha.d]# cd resource.d/ [root@essun resource.d]# ls apache ICP LinuxSCSI Raid1 AudibleAlarm ids LVM SendArp db2 IPaddr LVSSyncDaemonSwap ServeRAID Delay IPaddr2 MailTo WAS Filesystem IPsrcaddr OCF WinPopup hto-mapfuncs IPv6addr portblock Xinetd [root@essun resource.d]# pwd /etc/ha.d/resource.d
而在/etc/ha.d/resource.d中定义的就是传统类型的,如果在此目录没有对应的资源代理则将查找LSB类型的RA(其目录为/etc/rc.d/init.d/*)
#vim /etc/ha.d/haresources essun.node1.com 192.168.1.110/24/eth0 httpd
将三个配置文件同步到所有节点上(我这里只有node1和node2)
[root@essun ha.d]# scp -p ha.cf authkeys haresources node1:/etc/ha.d/ ha.cf 100% 10KB 10.4KB/s 00:00 authkeys 100% 643 0.6KB/s 00:00 haresources 100% 5905 5.8KB/s 00:00
到node1上查看一下
[root@essun ha.d]# ls authkeys harc rc.d resource.d ha.cf haresources README.config shellfuncs
在两个节点上启动集群管理器
[root@essun ha.d]# service heartbeat start Starting High-Availability services: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 INFO: Resource is stopped Done. [root@essun ha.d]# ssh essun.node2.com 'service heartbeat start' Starting High-Availability services: 2014/04/18_01:26:45 INFO: Resource is stopped Done. [root@essun ha.d]#
#tail -40 /var/log/ha-log heartbeat[3647]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: Configuration validated. Starting heartbeat 2.1.4 heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: heartbeat: version 2.1.4 heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: Heartbeat generation: 1397754809 heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: glib: UDP multicast heartbeat started for group 225.0.32.1 port 694 interface eth0 (ttl=1 loop=0) heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: glib: ping heartbeat started. heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: G_main_add_TriggerHandler: Added signal manual handler heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: G_main_add_TriggerHandler: Added signal manual handler heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: G_main_add_SignalHandler: Added signal handler for signal 17 heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:32 info: Local status now set to: 'up' heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:33 info: Link 192.168.1.118:192.168.1.118 up. heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:33 info: Status update for node 192.168.1.118: status ping heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:39 info: Link essun.node2.com:eth0 up. heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:39 info: Status update for node essun.node2.com: status up harc[3660]: 2014/04/18_01:25:39 info: Running /etc/ha.d/rc.d/status status heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:39 info: Comm_now_up(): updating status to active heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:39 info: Local status now set to: 'active' heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:40 info: Status update for node essun.node2.com: status active harc[3678]: 2014/04/18_01:25:40 info: Running /etc/ha.d/rc.d/status status heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 info: remote resource transition completed. heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 info: remote resource transition completed. heartbeat[3648]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 info: Initial resource acquisition complete (T_RESOURCES(us)) IPaddr[3729]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 INFO: Resource is stopped heartbeat[3693]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 info: Local Resource acquisition completed. harc[3779]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 info: Running /etc/ha.d/rc.d/ip-request-resp ip-request-resp ip-request-resp[3779]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 received ip-request-resp 192.168.1.100/24/eth0 OK yes ResourceManager[3798]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 info: Acquiring resource group: essun.node1.com 192.168.1.100/24/eth0 httpd IPaddr[3824]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 INFO: Resource is stopped ResourceManager[3798]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 info: Running /etc/ha.d/resource.d/IPaddr 192.168.1.100/24/eth0 start IPaddr[3921]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 INFO: Using calculated netmask for 192.168.1.100: 255.255.255.0 IPaddr[3921]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 INFO: eval ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 IPaddr[3892]: 2014/04/18_01:25:50 INFO: Success ResourceManager[3798]: 2014/04/18_01:25:51 info: Running /etc/init.d/httpd start
查看一下node1是否添加网卡正常
[root@essun heartbeat2]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1E:F8:F9 inet addr:192.168.1.109 Bcast:255.255.255.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe1e:f8f9/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:52073 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:25502 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:35207636 (33.5 MiB) TX bytes:8188830 (7.8 MiB) eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1E:F8:F9 inet addr:192.168.1.100 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:708 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:708 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:62304 (60.8 KiB) TX bytes:62304 (60.8 KiB)
访问一下集群IP地址看一下是不是node1的ip地址
在node2上将heartbeat服务停止,(在一个正常的节点上停止另一个节点,模拟故障)再次访问一下会出现什么情况?
[root@essun ha.d]# ssh node1 'service heartbeat stop' Stopping High-Availability services: Done. [root@essun ha.d]#
刷新一下页面,看一下效果
在节点node1重新启动heartbeat服务,模拟主机重新上线
[root@essun heartbeat2]# service heartbeat start Starting High-Availability services: 2014/04/18_01:41:17 INFO: Resource is stopped Done. [root@essun heartbeat2]#
重新刷新一下页面,看一下效果
第四步、在directory创建共享,给两了集群节点提供文件共享
[root@www /]# yum install -y nfs* [root@www /]# mkdir -pv /www/share mkdir: created directory `/www` mkdir: created directory `/www/share` [root@www /]# echo -e "/www/share\t192.168.0.0(rw)" > /etc/exports [root@www /]# cat /etc/exports /www/share 192.168.0.0(rw) [root@www /]# setfacl -m u:apache:rwx /www/share/ [root@www /]# echo "<h1>此站点来自于NFS</h1>"> /www/share/index.html [root@www /]# cat /www/share/index.html <h1>此站点来自于NFS</h1> [root@www /]# service nfs start Starting NFS services: [ OK ] Starting NFS quotas: [ OK ] Starting NFS mountd: [ OK ] Starting NFS daemon: [ OK ] Starting RPC idmapd: [ OK ] [root@www /]#
停止前端所有的集群节点
[root@essun heartbeat2]# uname -n essun.node1.com [root@essun heartbeat2]# service heartbeat stop Stopping High-Availability services: Done. [root@essun heartbeat2]# ssh node2 'service heartbeat stop' Stopping High-Availability services: Done. [root@essun heartbeat2]#
在node1上修改/etc/ha.d/haresources
#vim /etc/ha.d/haresources essun.node1.com 192.168.1.100/24/eth0 Filesystem::192.168.1.118:/www/share::/var/www/html::nfs httpd
[root@essun heartbeat2]# service heartbeat start Starting High-Availability services: 2014/04/18_02:44:50 INFO: Resource is stopped Done.
刷新页面试试
停止node1节点,将node2启动后,它的页面应该还是其IP地址所在的页面
[root@essun heartbeat2]# ssh node2 'service heartbeat start' Starting High-Availability services: 2014/04/18_02:50:42 INFO: Resource is stopped Done. [root@essun heartbeat2]# service heartbeat stop Stopping High-Availability services: Done. [root@essun heartbeat2]#
结果如下,如果我将node1上的haresources同步到node2上,那么结果将与node1相同。
同步一下试试。
[root@essun heartbeat2]# ssh node2 'service heartbeat stop' Stopping High-Availability services: Done. [root@essun heartbeat2]# scp /etc/ha.d/haresources node2:/etc/ha.d/ haresources 100% 6006 5.9KB/s 00:00 [root@essun heartbeat2]# ssh node2 'service heartbeat start' Starting High-Availability services: 2014/04/18_02:54:00 INFO: Resource is stopped Done. [root@essun heartbeat2]#
刷新一下试试
以上操作实际上是对同组资源顺序引用说明,既然属于同组,就可以实现同进同退,达到无障碍切换。
====================基于heartbeat v1双机集群演示完毕=====================================