Oracle DBA课程系列笔记（20）
第二十章： 数据装载 SQL Loader
1、sql loader ：将外部数据（比如文本型）数据导入oracle database。（用于数据导入、不同类型数据库数据迁移）
2、sqlloader 导入数据原理：在段（segment 表）insert 记录
1）normal ：将记录插入到segment的HWM(高水位线）以下的块，要首先访问bitmap ，来确定那些block 有free space
2）direct： 将记录插入到segment的HWM(高水位线）以上的从未使用过的块，加快插入速度
3）sql loader 帮助
C:\Documents and Settings\liqx>sqlldr
SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期四 8月 11 13:57:10 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
用法: SQLLDR keyword=value [,keyword=value,...]
有效的关键字:
userid -- ORACLE 用户名/口令
control -- 控制文件名
log -- 日志文件名
bad -- 错误文件名
data -- 数据文件名
discard -- 废弃文件名
discardmax -- 允许废弃的文件的数目 (全部默认)
skip -- 要跳过的逻辑记录的数目 (默认 0)
load -- 要加载的逻辑记录的数目 (全部默认)
errors -- 允许的错误的数目 (默认 50)
rows -- 常规路径绑定数组中或直接路径保存数据间的行数
(默认: 常规路径 64, 所有直接路径)
bindsize -- 常规路径绑定数组的大小 (以字节计) (默认 256000)
silent -- 运行过程中隐藏消息 (标题,反馈,错误,废弃,分区)
direct -- 使用直接路径 (默认 FALSE)
parfile -- 参数文件: 包含参数说明的文件的名称
parallel -- 执行并行加载 (默认 FALSE)
file -- 要从以下对象中分配区的文件
skip_unusable_indexes -- 不允许/允许使用无用的索引或索引分区 (默认 FALSE)
skip_index_maintenance -- 没有维护索引, 将受到影响的索引标记为无用 (默认 FALSE)
commit_discontinued -- 提交加载中断时已加载的行 (默认 FALSE)
readsize -- 读取缓冲区的大小 (默认 1048576)
external_table -- 使用外部表进行加载; NOT_USED, GENERATE_ONLY, EXECUTE (默认 NO
T_USED)
columnarrayrows -- 直接路径列数组的行数 (默认 5000)
streamsize -- 直接路径流缓冲区的大小 (以字节计) (默认 256000)
multithreading -- 在直接路径中使用多线程
resumable -- 启用或禁用当前的可恢复会话 (默认 FALSE)
resumable_name -- 有助于标识可恢复语句的文本字符串
resumable_timeout -- RESUMABLE 的等待时间 (以秒计) (默认 7200)
date_cache -- 日期转换高速缓存的大小 (以条目计) (默认 1000)
PLEASE NOTE: 命令行参数可以由位置或关键字指定
。前者的例子是 'sqlload
scott/tiger foo'; 后一种情况的一个示例是 'sqlldr control=foo
userid=scott/tiger'.位置指定参数的时间必须早于
但不可迟于由关键字指定的参数。例如,
允许 'sqlldr scott/tiger control=foo logfile=log', 但是
不允许 'sqlldr scott/tiger control=foo log', 即使
参数 'log' 的位置正确。
C:\Documents and Settings\liqx>
4、sqlldr 应用
1）模拟生成数据源
--------- 建立脚本emp.sql
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ more emp.sql
set heading off
set feedback off
set time off
set linesize 120
set pagesize 0
set echo off
set trimspool off
spool /home/oracle/sqlldr/emp.dat
select empno||','||ename||','||job||','||mgr||','||hiredate||','||sal||','||comm||','||deptno from scott.emp;
spool off;
SQL> @/home/oracle/sqlplus/emp.sql
SP2-0310: unable to open file "/home/oracle/sqlplus/emp.sql"
SQL> @/home/oracle/sqlldr/emp.sql
SQL> set heading off
SQL> set feedback off
SQL> set time off
SQL> set linesize 120
SQL> set pagesize 0
SQL> set echo off
7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,8000,,20
7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,20-FEB-81,1600,300,30
7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,22-FEB-81,1250,500,30
7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,02-APR-81,8000,,20
7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,28-SEP-81,1250,1400,30
7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,01-MAY-81,2850,,30
7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,09-JUN-81,2000,,10
7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,19-APR-87,2000,100,10
7839,KING,PRESIDENT,,17-NOV-81,2000,,10
7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,08-SEP-81,1500,0,30
7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,23-MAY-87,8000,,20
7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,03-DEC-81,950,,30
7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,03-DEC-81,8000,,20
7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,23-JAN-82,2000,,10
--------查看数据源
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ more emp.dat
7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,8000,,20
7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,20-FEB-81,1600,300,30
7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,22-FEB-81,1250,500,30
7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,02-APR-81,8000,,20
7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,28-SEP-81,1250,1400,30
7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,01-MAY-81,2850,,30
7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,09-JUN-81,2000,,10
7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,19-APR-87,2000,100,10
7839,KING,PRESIDENT,,17-NOV-81,2000,,10
7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,08-SEP-81,1500,0,30
7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,23-MAY-87,8000,,20
7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,03-DEC-81,950,,30
7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,03-DEC-81,8000,,20
7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,23-JAN-82,2000,,10
2)导入表emp1
12:12:20 SQL> analyze table emp1 compute statistics;
Table analyzed.
12:12:50 SQL> select table_name,num_rows,blocks,empty_blockS from user_tables
12:12:56 2 where table_name='EMP1';
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ------------
EMP1 0 4 4
12:12:57 SQL>
3）普通模式导入
建立控制文件
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ vi emp.ctl
load data
infile '/home/oracle/sqlldr/emp.dat'
insert //insert 插入表必须是空表，非空表用append
into table emp1
fields terminated by ','
optionally enclosed by '"'
(
empno,
ename,
job,
mgr,
hiredate,
comm,
sal,
deptno)
执行导入（normal）
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ sqlldr scott/tiger control=emp.ctl log=emp.log
SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Aug 11 12:18:36 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Commit point reached - logical record count 14
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ more emp.log
SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Aug 11 12:18:36 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Control File: emp.ctl
Data File: /home/oracle/sqlldr/emp.dat
Bad File: emp.bad
Discard File: none specified
(Allow all discards)
Number to load: ALL
Number to skip: 0
Errors allowed: 50
Bind array: 64 rows, maximum of 256000 bytes
Continuation: none specified
Path used: Conventional
Table EMP1, loaded from every logical record.
Insert option in effect for this table: INSERT
Column Name Position Len Term Encl Datatype
------------------------------ ---------- ----- ---- ---- ---------------------
EMPNO FIRST * , O(") CHARACTER
ENAME NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
JOB NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
MGR NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
HIREDATE NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
COMM NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
SAL NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
DEPTNO NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
Table EMP1:
14 Rows successfully loaded.
0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
0 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Space allocated for bind array: 132096 bytes(64 rows)
Read buffer bytes: 1048576
Total logical records skipped: 0
Total logical records read: 14
Total logical records rejected: 0
Total logical records discarded: 0
Run began on Thu Aug 11 12:18:36 2011
Run ended on Thu Aug 11 12:18:37 2011
Elapsed time was: 00:00:00.59
CPU time was: 00:00:00.09
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ exit
exit
验证：
12:18:51 SQL> select * from scott.emp1;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 8000 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 300 1600 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 500 1250 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 8000 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1400 1250 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2000 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 100 2000 10
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 2000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 0 1500 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 8000 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 8000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 2000 10
14 rows selected.
12:18:57 SQL>
12:19:45 SQL> analyze table emp1 compute statistics;
Table analyzed.
12:19:54 SQL> select table_name,num_rows,blocks,empty_blockS from user_tables
12:20:04 2 where table_name='EMP1';
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ------------
EMP1 14 4 4
12:20:12 SQL>
-----数据源和控制文件在一起
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ vi emp.ctl
load data
infile *
append
into table emp1
fields terminated by ','
optionally enclosed by '"'
(
empno,
ename,
job,
mgr,
hiredate,
comm,
sal,
deptno)
begindata
7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,8000,,20
7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,20-FEB-81,1600,300,30
7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,22-FEB-81,1250,500,30
7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,02-APR-81,8000,,20
7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,28-SEP-81,1250,1400,30
7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,01-MAY-81,2850,,30
7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,09-JUN-81,2000,,10
7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,19-APR-87,2000,100,10
7839,KING,PRESIDENT,,17-NOV-81,2000,,10
7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,08-SEP-81,1500,0,30
7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,23-MAY-87,8000,,20
7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,03-DEC-81,950,,30
7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,03-DEC-81,8000,,20
7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,23-JAN-82,2000,,10
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ sqlldr scott/tiger control=emp.ctl log=emp.log
SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Aug 11 12:23:32 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Commit point reached - logical record count 14
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ more emp.log
SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Aug 11 12:23:32 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Control File: emp.ctl
Data File: emp.ctl
Bad File: emp.bad
Discard File: none specified
(Allow all discards)
Number to load: ALL
Number to skip: 0
Errors allowed: 50
Bind array: 64 rows, maximum of 256000 bytes
Continuation: none specified
Path used: Conventional
Table EMP1, loaded from every logical record.
Insert option in effect for this table: APPEND
Column Name Position Len Term Encl Datatype
------------------------------ ---------- ----- ---- ---- ---------------------
EMPNO FIRST * , O(") CHARACTER
ENAME NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
JOB NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
MGR NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
HIREDATE NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
COMM NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
SAL NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
DEPTNO NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER
Table EMP1:
14 Rows successfully loaded.
0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
0 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Space allocated for bind array: 132096 bytes(64 rows)
Read buffer bytes: 1048576
Total logical records skipped: 0
Total logical records read: 14
Total logical records rejected: 0
Total logical records discarded: 0
Run began on Thu Aug 11 12:23:32 2011
Run ended on Thu Aug 11 12:23:32 2011
Elapsed time was: 00:00:00.23
CPU time was: 00:00:00.07
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ !exit
exit
exit
12:23:43 SQL> select * from scott.emp1;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 8000 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 300 1600 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 500 1250 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 8000 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1400 1250 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2000 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 100 2000 10
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 2000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 0 1500 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 8000 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 8000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 2000 10
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 8000 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 300 1600 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 500 1250 30
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 8000 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1400 1250 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2000 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 100 2000 10
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 2000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 0 1500 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 8000 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 8000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 2000 10
28 rows selected.
12:23:47 SQL> analyze table emp1 compute statistics;
Table analyzed.
12:23:51 SQL> select table_name,num_rows,blocks,empty_blockS from user_tables
12:23:52 2 where table_name='EMP1';
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ------------
EMP1 28 4 4
12:23:54 SQL>
~4） 直接导入（direct）
12:28:23 SQL> analyze table emp1 compute statistics;
Table analyzed.
12:28:26 SQL> select table_name,num_rows,blocks,empty_blockS from user_tables
12:28:27 2 where table_name='EMP1';
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ------------
EMP1 268 8 0
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ vi emp.ctl
load data
infile *
append
into table emp1
fields terminated by ','
optionally enclosed by '"'
(
empno,
ename,
job,
mgr,
hiredate,
comm,
sal,
deptno) //字段的类型和记录的类型和顺序必须一致。
begindata
7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,8000,,20
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ sqlldr scott/tiger control=emp.ctl log=emp.log direct=y
SQL*Loader: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Aug 11 12:28:55 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Load completed - logical record count 1.
[oracle@work sqlldr]$ !exi
exit
exit
12:28:58 SQL> analyze table emp1 compute statistics;
Table analyzed.
12:29:01 SQL> select table_name,num_rows,blocks,empty_blockS from user_tables
12:29:02 2 where table_name='EMP1';
TABLE_NAME NUM_ROWS BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ------------
EMP1 269 9 7
12:29:03 SQL>
---虽然只导入了一条记录，但oracle又重新给我们分配了一个新的extent（8 个blocks）