Operating System Concept 读书笔记

Perface
    This field is undergoing rapid changing, as computers are now in prevlent in virtually in application, from...
这句话中的virtually在这里意思是almost，nearly。
    Concepts are presented(介绍，提出) using intuitive descriptions. 
management
    There are many different memory management schemes, reflecting various approaches to memory management, and effectiveness of a particular depends on the situation.
Effectiveness…作者是想说有多种不同的内存管理方案，它们是否有效取决于不同的应用。换句话虽说，使用哪种方案更有效取决于不同的应用。
Storage mamagement.
    The file system provides the mechanism for on-line storage of and access to both data and programs residing on the disks. mechanism for ... 应该这样读：...mechanism for on-line storage of data and programs...  ...mechanism for access to data and programs...。

    They provide a firm practical understanding of the algorithms used-the properties, advantages, and disadvantages. 这句话怎么理解？firm understanding of ...扎实深刻的理解，used应该修饰algorithms，已经被使用的，不过used后面几个词是说如何understanding，实际作者是想说这些章节分析了这些应用于实际中的算法，分析了它们的特点，优势，劣势，这些分析能够给与读者深刻的理解。
    In many ways(从多方面，从多个角度), I/O devices are also...,performance issues (性能问题)are examined. Matters related to secondary and tertiary storage (???) are ...。...examined,这个词在这里有考虑，分析，研究的意思，在这里作者可能是想说，因为I/O device是性能的瓶颈，所以在使用I/O devices的时候，要在性能问题上多考虑，多分析。secondary and tertiary storage,二级/三级存储指计算机缓存技术。
Protection and scurity
...Security protects the information ..., ... and accidental introduction of inconsistency.and后面这句话的意思是说在介绍安全性方面内容时，偶尔(少量，不是主要，次要)也涉及因为对OS信息/资源访问不一致所引起的安全性问题。
Special-purpose systes.
... general-purpose systems that are the foucs of the reminder of the text. 这句话中的remainder是一个令人费解的词，它本身有剩余的，留下的等这类意思，如果这样，are the foucs of 剩下的文本，既然是剩下的文本，那么其它文本呢？我想这里的意思其实是在说一般计算机系统焦点主要集中在留在计算机系统中文本数据的处理，所谓“留在”肯定说明了有一部分被删除了，不过既然如此那么为何不用storage in OS这类单词呢？为何要用remainder这个单词。
Case studies
    Both linux and FreeBSD are readily avaliable (很容易使用在....) for ... so many students have access to (可以获得/可以使用) these systems....从字面意思来看，因此，很多学生可以得到这些systems，不过结合前文，这些system的内核算法简单，在computer-science中很容易使用，我想这里的“使用”意思是容易学习的意思，因此这句话中的have access to...的意思应该是...可以使用这些systems进行学习，实际上，这句话另外的含义是说只有少数学生(比较聪明的)可以使用比较复杂的systems进行学习，一般的学生(智商一般)在学习OS时使用简单的OS比较适用。
The Seventh Edition
    As we wrote....We have rewritten the material ...by bringing older material up to date and removing material that was no longer of interest and relevance. up to date,后置定语，最新的，最流行的等意思; ...was no longer of interest and relevance. 主体实际上是be of + n结构，相当于be+adj.可以理解为：...was no longer interesting and relevant.
Chapter 5, CPU Scheduling，...including processor affinity (亲合力？什么意思？怎样理解) including Pthreads(???) and updated coverage of table driven scheduling (???) ...。
Chapter 6, Process Synchronization, ... We have moved the coverage of two process solutions...这句话中的coverage of two-process意思是two-process solutions范围的大小，作者想说two-process solutions相关的全部(绝大部分)都被删掉了。
下文coverage of 多次被用到，都可以翻译成全部的，这部分，这些等这种表示范围程度的词意思
Chapter9，Virtual Memory, ...A new section on...within the kernel discusses the buddy algorithm (???) and the slab allocator (???).
Teaching Supplements and Web Page
    The web page for the book contains such material as a set of slides to ...Included problems and exercise with solutions(problems and exercise的答案) not found...a set of slides 可以翻译称完美教程，slides有幻灯片的意思，直译就是一组幻灯片，实际就是一组教程。
Overview
    An operationg system is a software that ....The hardware must provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system and to prevent user programs interfacing with the proper operationg of the system.这段话中的hardware，似乎应该是software,指代OS，从后面来看...to ensure... and to prevent...这明显是OS的作用也就是一个software，可这里用hardware，明显是一个错误，硬件怎么确保计算机系统的正确性？又怎么保证用户程序不相互干扰？