SQLAlchemy(ORM框架)

SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy概述

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果(特定的语法代替SQL语句)。

SQLAlchemy(ORM框架)_第1张图片


Dialect用于和DBAPI进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作,如:

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MySQL - Python
     mysql + mysqldb: / / <user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>] / <dbname>
   
pymysql
     mysql + pymysql: / / <username>:<password>@<host> / <dbname>[?<options>]
   
MySQL - Connector
     mysql + mysqlconnector: / / <user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>] / <dbname>
   
cx_Oracle
     oracle + cx_oracle: / / user: pass @host:port / dbname[?key = value&key = value...]
   
更多详见:http: / / docs.sqlalchemy.org / en / latest / dialects / index.html


数据库操作的几种方式:


1、使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作

Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库,然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

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from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 
engine = create_engine( "mysql+mysqldb://root:[email protected]:3306/s11" , max_overflow = 5 )
     #max_overflow是在初始线程数量的基础上,还能最多建立几个进程
engine.execute(
     "INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES ('2', 'v1')"
)
 
engine.execute(
      "INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES (%s, %s)" ,
     (( 555 , "v1" ),( 666 , "v1" ),)
)
engine.execute(
     "INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES (%(id)s, %(name)s)" ,
     id = 999 , name = "v1"
)
 
result = engine.execute( 'select * from ts_test' )
result.fetchall()
事务操作:​
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from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 
engine = create_engine( "mysql+mysqldb://root:[email protected]:3306/s11" , max_overflow = 5 )
 
# 事务操作
with engine.begin() as conn:
     conn.execute( "insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)" )
     conn.execute( "my_special_procedure(5)" )
 
conn = engine.connect()
# 事务操作
with conn.begin():
        conn.execute( "some statement" , { 'x' : 5 , 'y' : 10 })

在mysql里用命令“show status like 'Threads%';”,能观察到连接线程数‘Threads_connected’的变化。

2、使用 Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作

Engine使用Schema Type创建一个特定的结构对象,之后通过SQL Expression Language将该对象转换成SQL语句,然后通过 ConnectionPooling 连接数据库,再然后通过 Dialect 执行SQL,并获取结果。

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from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey
  
metadata = MetaData()
  
user = Table( 'user' , metadata,
     Column( 'id' , Integer, primary_key = True ),
     Column( 'name' , String( 20 )),
)  
 
color = Table( 'color' , metadata,
     Column( 'id' , Integer, primary_key = True ),
     Column( 'name' , String( 20 )),
)
engine = create_engine( "mysql+mysqldb://root:[email protected]:3306/s11" , max_overflow = 5 )
  
metadata.create_all(engine)
# metadata.clear()
# metadata.remove()

增删改查:

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from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey
 
metadata = MetaData()
 
user = Table( 'user' , metadata,
     Column( 'id' , Integer, primary_key = True ),
     Column( 'name' , String( 20 )),
)
 
color = Table( 'color' , metadata,
     Column( 'id' , Integer, primary_key = True ),
     Column( 'name' , String( 20 )),
)
engine = create_engine( "mysql+mysqldb://root:[email protected]:3306/s11" , max_overflow = 5 )
 
conn = engine.connect()
 
# 创建SQL语句,INSERT INTO "user" (id, name) VALUES (:id, :name)
conn.execute(user.insert(),{ 'id' : 7 , 'name' : 'seven' })
conn.close()
 
# sql = user.insert().values(id=123, name='wu')
# conn.execute(sql)
# conn.close()
 
# sql = user.delete().where(user.c.id > 1)
 
# sql = user.update().values(fullname=user.c.name)
# sql = user.update().where(user.c.name == 'jack').values(name='ed')
 
# sql = select([user, ])
# sql = select([user.c.id, ])
# sql = select([user.c.name, color.c.name]).where(user.c.id==color.c.id)
# sql = select([user.c.name]).order_by(user.c.name)
# sql = select([user]).group_by(user.c.name)
 
# result = conn.execute(sql)
# print result.fetchall()
# conn.close()
更多内容详见:

中文:http://www.jianshu.com/p/e6bba189fcbd

英文:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/core/expression_api.html   (比中文的全面

注:SQLAlchemy无法修改表结构,如果需要可以使用SQLAlchemy开发者开源的另外一个软件Alembic来完成。

3、使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作

根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,执行SQL。

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from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
  
engine = create_engine( "mysql+mysqldb://root:[email protected]:3306/s11" , max_overflow = 5 )
  
Base = declarative_base()
  
  
class User(Base):
     __tablename__ = 'users'
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )
     name = Column(String( 50 ))
  
# 寻找Base的所有子类,按照子类的结构在数据库中生成对应的数据表信息
# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
  
Session = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
session = Session()
  
  
# ########## 增 ##########
# u = User(id=2, name='sb')
# session.add(u)
# session.add_all([
#     User(id=3, name='sb'),
#     User(id=4, name='sb')
# ])
# session.commit()
  
# ########## 删除 ##########
# session.query(User).filter(User.id > 2).delete()
# session.commit()
  
# ########## 修改 ##########
# session.query(User).filter(User.id > 2).update({'cluster_id' : 0})
# session.commit()
# ########## 查 ##########
# ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='sb').first()
  
# ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='sb').all()
# print ret
  
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.name.in_(['sb','bb'])).all()
# print ret
  
# ret = session.query(User.name.label('name_label')).all()
# print ret,type(ret)
  
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id).all()
# print ret
  
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id)[1:3]
# print ret
# session.commit()


更多功能参见文档,猛击这里下载PDF


来源:武sir博客http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/
















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