差异备份,在全备的基础上做备份。因为tar命令不能实现差异备份,所以本文讲解如何用dump和restore命令实现。当然dump和restore命令也可以实现全备和增量备份。
[root@serv01 data]# mkdir /backup [root@serv01 data]# fdisk /dev/sdb [root@serv01 data]# fdisk /dev/sdc [root@serv01 data]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 [root@serv01 data]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1 [root@serv01 data]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data [root@serv01 data]# mount /dev/sdc1/backup/
#拷贝文件 [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 data]# cp /boot/* . cp: omitting directory `/boot/efi' cp: omitting directory `/boot/grub' cp: omitting directory `/boot/lost+found' #向fstab文件追加内容 [root@serv01 data]# echo "/dev/sdb1/data ext4 defaults 1 2" >> /etc/fstab [root@serv01 data]# echo "/dev/sdc1/backup ext4 defaults 1 2" >> /etc/fstab
[root@serv01 data]# yum install dump -y #dump:支持增量备份和差异备份,只能对单独的分区进行备份 #0:全备 #u:把/etc/dumpdates更新 #f:备份后的名字 [root@serv01 data]# cd /backup/ [root@serv01 backup]# ls lost+found [root@serv01 backup]# rm -rf lost+found/ #第一次查看,发现dumpdates没有任何内容 [root@serv01 backup]# ls /etc/dumpdates /etc/dumpdates #备份 [root@serv01 backup]# dump -0uf data01.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 18:57:53 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data01.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 59 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 18:57:53 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data01.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 18:57:53 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 50 blocks (0.05MB) DUMP: 50 blocks (0.05MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 18:57:53 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 18:57:53 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE [root@serv01 backup]# ll total 52 -rw-r--r—. 1 root root 51200 Aug 2 18:57 data01.dump #查看dumpdates文件,发现已经更新了 [root@serv01 backup]# cat /etc/dumpdates /dev/sdb1 0 Fri Aug 2 18:57:53 2013 +0800 #还原,数据没有了,重新备份 [root@serv01 backup]# cd /data [root@serv01 data]# ls lost+found [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 data]# cp /boot/* ./ cp: omitting directory `/boot/efi' cp: omitting directory `/boot/grub' cp: omitting directory `/boot/lost+found' [root@serv01 data]# cd /backup/ [root@serv01 backup]# ls data01.dump [root@serv01 backup]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 backup]# ls [root@serv01 backup]# > /etc/dumpdates [root@serv01 backup]# dump -0uf dump01.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 19:02:20 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to dump01.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 18674 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 19:02:20 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing dump01.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 19:02:20 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 18670 blocks (18.23MB) DUMP: 18670 blocks (18.23MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 19:02:20 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 19:02:20 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE #进入data目录,发现有数据 [root@serv01 backup]# cd /data [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img System.map-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 #全部删除,模拟数据丢失 [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 data]# ls #恢复数据 [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/dump01.dump #恢复成功 [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 restoresymtable System.map-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 [root@serv01 data]# cp /etc/passwd ./ [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 passwd symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img restoresymtable System.map-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 [root@serv01 data]# cd /backup/
#增量备份:1-9 #dump:备份磁盘上的块,不止是文件;只能备份单独的分区 [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 data]# cp /boot/* . cp: omitting directory `/boot/efi' cp: omitting directory `/boot/grub' cp: omitting directory `/boot/lost+found' [root@serv01 data]# cd /backup/ [root@serv01 backup]# ll total 18672 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19118080 Aug 2 2013dump01.dump [root@serv01 backup]# rm -rf dump01.dump #第一次备份:全备 [root@serv01 backup]# dump -0uf data01.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data01.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 18674 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data01.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 18670 blocks (18.23MB) DUMP: 18670 blocks (18.23MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE [root@serv01 backup]# ll total 18672 -rw-r—r—. 1 root root 19118080 Aug 2 11:25 data01.dump #拷贝文件到data目录 #第二次备份:增量备份 [root@serv01 backup]# cp /etc/inittab/data/ [root@serv01 backup]# dump -1uf data02.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data02.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 55 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data02.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 50 blocks (0.05MB) DUMP: 50 blocks (0.05MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE [root@serv01 backup]# ll total 18724 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19118080 Aug 2 11:25 data01.dump -rw-r--r—. 1 root root 51200 Aug 2 11:26 data02.dump #再次拷贝文件 [root@serv01 backup]# cp /etc/passwd /data/ #第三次备份:增量备份 [root@serv01 backup]# dump -2uf data03.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 2 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 DUMP: Date of last level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data03.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 55 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data03.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 50 blocks (0.05MB) DUMP: 50 blocks (0.05MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 2 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE [root@serv01 backup]# cat /etc/dumpdates /dev/sdb1 0 Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 +0800 /dev/sdb1 1 Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 +0800 /dev/sdb1 2 Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 +0800 #第四次备份:增量备份 [root@serv01 backup]# dump -3uf data04.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 3 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:28:48 2013 DUMP: Date of last level 2 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data04.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 50 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:28:48 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data04.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:28:48 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 40 blocks (0.04MB) DUMP: 40 blocks (0.04MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 3 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:28:48 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:28:48 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE [root@serv01 backup]# cat /etc/dumpdates /dev/sdb1 0 Fri Aug 2 11:25:57 2013 +0800 /dev/sdb1 1 Fri Aug 2 11:26:28 2013 +0800 /dev/sdb1 2 Fri Aug 2 11:27:07 2013 +0800 /dev/sdb1 3 Fri Aug 2 11:28:48 2013 +0800 #进入data目录,模拟数据丢失 [root@serv01 backup]# cd /data [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 inittab symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img passwd vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 data]# ls #恢复数据:一级一级地恢复 [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data01.dump [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 restoresymtable System.map-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data03.dump restore: Incremental tape too low [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 restoresymtable System.map-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data02.dump [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data03.dump [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data04.dump [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 inittab restoresymtable vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img passwd symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz #恢复时报错: #1.恢复的数据不对:查看挂载是否正确 #2.restore: Incremental tape too high 同一级别的备份了多次,所以会报这个错误,检查/etc/dumpdates文件和拼写是否错误
#演示差异备份 [root@serv01 data]# cd /backup/ [root@serv01 backup]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 backup]# rm -rf data01.dump [root@serv01 backup]# > /etc/dumpdates #首先全备 [root@serv01 backup]# dump -0uf data01.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data01.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 16672 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data01.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 16680 blocks (16.29MB) DUMP: 16680 blocks (16.29MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE [root@serv01 backup]# cat /etc/dumpdates /dev/sdb1 0 Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 +0800 #拷贝fstab文件 [root@serv01 backup]# cp /etc/fstab /data/ #差异备份 [root@serv01 backup]# dump -1uf data02.dump/data/ DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:44:20 2013 DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data02.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 55 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:44:20 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data02.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:44:20 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 50 blocks (0.05MB) DUMP: 50 blocks (0.05MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:44:20 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:44:20 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE #拷贝yum.conf文件 [root@serv01 backup]# cp /etc/yum.conf/data [root@serv01 backup]# dump -1ufdata021.dump /data/ DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:44:47 2013 DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data021.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 60 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:44:47 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data021.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:44:47 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 60 blocks (0.06MB) DUMP: 60 blocks (0.06MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:44:47 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:44:47 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE #拷贝文件,然后差异备份 [root@serv01 backup]# cp /etc/networks/data [root@serv01 backup]# dump -1ufdata0211.dump /data/ DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:45:34 2013 DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:43:51 2013 DUMP: Dumping /dev/sdb1 (/data) to data0211.dump DUMP: Label: none DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 65 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Fri Aug 2 11:45:34 2013 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: Closing data0211.dump DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Fri Aug 2 11:45:34 2013 DUMP: Volume 1 70 blocks (0.07MB) DUMP: 70 blocks (0.07MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in less than a second DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Fri Aug 2 11:45:34 2013 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Fri Aug 2 11:45:34 2013 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 0 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE #模拟数据删除 [root@serv01 backup]# cd /data [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf * #恢复时需要有全备的文件和想恢复的文件(或者最后一次),只需要两个 [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data01.dump [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data021.dump [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 inittab symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz fstab passwd vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img restoresymtable yum.conf [root@serv01 data]# rm -rf * [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data01.dump [root@serv01 data]# restore -rf/backup/data0211.dump [root@serv01 data]# ls config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 inittab restoresymtable yum.conf fstab networks symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img passwd vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 #差异备份:一定是在全备的基础上 #dd没有增量备份的功能 #磁盘拷贝(对拷) [root@serv01 backup]# cd /data/ [root@serv01 data]# ls [root@serv01 data]# cp /boot/* . cp: omitting directory `/boot/efi' cp: omitting directory `/boot/grub' cp: omitting directory `/boot/lost+found' [root@serv01 data]# dd if=/dev/sdb1of=/dev/sdc1 dd: writing to `/dev/sdc1': Input/outputerror 4192897+0 records in 4192896+0 records out 2146762752 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 71.3082s, 30.1 MB/s [root@serv01 data]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 9.7G 1.1G 8.1G 12% / tmpfs 188M 0 188M 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 194M 25M 160M 14% /boot /dev/sda5 4.0G 137M 3.7G 4% /opt /dev/sr0 3.4G 3.4G 0 100% /iso /dev/sdb1 2.0G 54M 1.9G 3% /data /dev/sdc1 2.0G 35M 1.9G 2% /backup [root@serv01 data]# ls /backup/ config-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 symvers-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.img System.map-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64
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