python3简单入门
转 Python3中文教程
Python已经是3.1版本了,与时俱进更新教程.
- 本文适合有Java编程经验的程序员快速熟悉Python
- 本文程序在windows xp+python3.1a1 测试通过.
- 本文提到的idle指python shell,即安装python后你在菜单看到的IDLE(python gui)
- 在idle里ctrl+n可以打开一个新窗口,输入源码后ctrl+s可以保存,f5运行程序.
- 凡打开新窗口即指ctrl+n的操作.
1 你好
#
打开新窗口,输入:
# ! /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
s1 = input( " Input your name: " )
print ( " 你好,%s " % s1)
'''
知识点:
* input("某字符串")函数:显示"某字符串",并等待用户输入.
* print()函数:如何打印.
* 如何应用中文
* 如何用多行注释
'''
# ! /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
s1 = input( " Input your name: " )
print ( " 你好,%s " % s1)
'''
知识点:
* input("某字符串")函数:显示"某字符串",并等待用户输入.
* print()函数:如何打印.
* 如何应用中文
* 如何用多行注释
'''
2 字符串和数字
但有趣的是,在javascript里我们会理想当然的将字符串和数字连接,因为是动态语言嘛.但在Python里有点诡异,如下:
#
! /usr/bin/python
a = 2
b = " test "
c = a + b
a = 2
b = " test "
c = a + b
运行这行程序会出错,提示你字符串和数字不能连接,于是只好用内置函数进行转换
#
! /usr/bin/python
# 运行这行程序会出错,提示你字符串和数字不能连接,于是只好用内置函数进行转换
a = 2
b = " test "
c = str(a) + b
d = " 1111 "
e = a + int(d)
# How to print multiply values
print ( " c is %s,e is %i " % (c,e))
'''
知识点:
* 用int和str函数将字符串和数字进行转换
* 打印以#开头,而不是习惯的//
* 打印多个参数的方式
'''
# 运行这行程序会出错,提示你字符串和数字不能连接,于是只好用内置函数进行转换
a = 2
b = " test "
c = str(a) + b
d = " 1111 "
e = a + int(d)
# How to print multiply values
print ( " c is %s,e is %i " % (c,e))
'''
知识点:
* 用int和str函数将字符串和数字进行转换
* 打印以#开头,而不是习惯的//
* 打印多个参数的方式
'''
3 列表
#
! /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
# 列表类似Javascript的数组,方便易用
# 定义元组
word = [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , ' d ' , ' e ' , ' f ' , ' g ' ]
# 如何通过索引访问元组里的元素
a = word[ 2 ]
print ( " a is: " + a)
b = word[ 1 : 3 ]
print ( " b is: " )
print (b) # index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c = word[: 2 ]
print ( " c is: " )
print (c) # index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d = word[0:]
print ( " d is: " )
print (d) # All elements of word.
# 元组可以合并
e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :]
print ( " e is: " )
print (e) # All elements of word.
f = word[ - 1 ]
print ( " f is: " )
print (f) # The last elements of word.
g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ]
print ( " g is: " )
print (g) # index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h = word[ - 2 :]
print ( " h is: " )
print (h) # The last two elements.
i = word[: - 2 ]
print ( " i is: " )
print (i) # Everything except the last two characters
l = len(word)
print ( " Length of word is: " + str(l))
print ( " Adds new element " )
word.append( ' h ' )
print (word)
# 删除元素
del word[0]
print (word)
del word[ 1 : 3 ]
print (word)
'''
知识点:
* 列表长度是动态的,可任意添加删除元素.
* 用索引可以很方便访问元素,甚至返回一个子列表
* 更多方法请参考Python的文档
'''
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
# 列表类似Javascript的数组,方便易用
# 定义元组
word = [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , ' d ' , ' e ' , ' f ' , ' g ' ]
# 如何通过索引访问元组里的元素
a = word[ 2 ]
print ( " a is: " + a)
b = word[ 1 : 3 ]
print ( " b is: " )
print (b) # index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c = word[: 2 ]
print ( " c is: " )
print (c) # index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d = word[0:]
print ( " d is: " )
print (d) # All elements of word.
# 元组可以合并
e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :]
print ( " e is: " )
print (e) # All elements of word.
f = word[ - 1 ]
print ( " f is: " )
print (f) # The last elements of word.
g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ]
print ( " g is: " )
print (g) # index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h = word[ - 2 :]
print ( " h is: " )
print (h) # The last two elements.
i = word[: - 2 ]
print ( " i is: " )
print (i) # Everything except the last two characters
l = len(word)
print ( " Length of word is: " + str(l))
print ( " Adds new element " )
word.append( ' h ' )
print (word)
# 删除元素
del word[0]
print (word)
del word[ 1 : 3 ]
print (word)
'''
知识点:
* 列表长度是动态的,可任意添加删除元素.
* 用索引可以很方便访问元素,甚至返回一个子列表
* 更多方法请参考Python的文档
'''
4 字典
#
! /usr/bin/python
x = { ' a ' : ' aaa ' , ' b ' : ' bbb ' , ' c ' : 12 }
print (x[ ' a ' ])
print (x[ ' b ' ])
print (x[ ' c ' ])
for key in x:
print ( " Key is %s and value is %s " % (key,x[key]))
'''
知识点:
* 将他当Java的Map来用即可.
'''
x = { ' a ' : ' aaa ' , ' b ' : ' bbb ' , ' c ' : 12 }
print (x[ ' a ' ])
print (x[ ' b ' ])
print (x[ ' c ' ])
for key in x:
print ( " Key is %s and value is %s " % (key,x[key]))
'''
知识点:
* 将他当Java的Map来用即可.
'''
5 字符串
比起C/C++,Python处理字符串的方式实在太让人感动了.把字符串当列表来用吧.
#
! /usr/bin/python
word = " abcdefg "
a = word[ 2 ]
print ( " a is: " + a)
b = word[ 1 : 3 ]
print ( " b is: " + b) # index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c = word[: 2 ]
print ( " c is: " + c) # index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d = word[0:]
print ( " d is: " + d) # All elements of word.
e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :]
print ( " e is: " + e) # All elements of word.
f = word[ - 1 ]
print ( " f is: " + f) # The last elements of word.
g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ]
print ( " g is: " + g) # index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h = word[ - 2 :]
print ( " h is: " + h) # The last two elements.
i = word[: - 2 ]
print ( " i is: " + i) # Everything except the last two characters
l = len(word)
print ( " Length of word is: " + str(l))
word = " abcdefg "
a = word[ 2 ]
print ( " a is: " + a)
b = word[ 1 : 3 ]
print ( " b is: " + b) # index 1 and 2 elements of word.
c = word[: 2 ]
print ( " c is: " + c) # index 0 and 1 elements of word.
d = word[0:]
print ( " d is: " + d) # All elements of word.
e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :]
print ( " e is: " + e) # All elements of word.
f = word[ - 1 ]
print ( " f is: " + f) # The last elements of word.
g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ]
print ( " g is: " + g) # index 3 and 4 elements of word.
h = word[ - 2 :]
print ( " h is: " + h) # The last two elements.
i = word[: - 2 ]
print ( " i is: " + i) # Everything except the last two characters
l = len(word)
print ( " Length of word is: " + str(l))
中文和英文的字符串长度是否一样?
#
! /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
s = input( " 输入你的中文名,按回车继续 " );
print ( " 你的名字是 : " + s)
l = len(s)
print ( " 你中文名字的长度是: " + str(l))
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
s = input( " 输入你的中文名,按回车继续 " );
print ( " 你的名字是 : " + s)
l = len(s)
print ( " 你中文名字的长度是: " + str(l))
知识点:
- 类似Java,在python3里所有字符串都是unicode,所以长度一致.
6 条件和循环语句
# ! /usr/bin/python
# 条件和循环语句
x = int(input( " Please enter an integer: " ))
if x < 0:
x = 0
print ( " Negative changed to zero " )
elif x == 0:
print ( " Zero " )
else :
print ( " More " )
# Loops List
a = [ ' cat ' , ' window ' , ' defenestrate ' ]
for x in a:
print (x, len(x))
# 知识点:
# * 条件和循环语句
# * 如何得到控制台输入
7 函数
#
! /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
def sum(a,b):
return a + b
func = sum
r = func( 5 , 6 )
print (r)
# 提供默认值
def add(a,b = 2 ):
return a + b
r = add( 1 )
print (r)
r = add( 1 , 5 )
print (r)
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
def sum(a,b):
return a + b
func = sum
r = func( 5 , 6 )
print (r)
# 提供默认值
def add(a,b = 2 ):
return a + b
r = add( 1 )
print (r)
r = add( 1 , 5 )
print (r)
一个好用的函数
#
! /usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
# The range() function
a = range ( 1 , 10 )
for i in a:
print (i)
a = range( - 2 , - 11 , - 3 ) # The 3rd parameter stands for step
for i in a:
print (i)
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
# The range() function
a = range ( 1 , 10 )
for i in a:
print (i)
a = range( - 2 , - 11 , - 3 ) # The 3rd parameter stands for step
for i in a:
print (i)
知识点:
- Python 不用{}来控制程序结构,他强迫你用缩进来写程序,使代码清晰.
- 定义函数方便简单
- 方便好用的range函数
8 异常处理
#
! /usr/bin/python
s = input( " Input your age: " )
if s == "" :
raise Exception( " Input must no be empty. " )
try :
i = int(s)
except Exception as err:
print (err)
finally : # Clean up action
print ( " Goodbye! " )
s = input( " Input your age: " )
if s == "" :
raise Exception( " Input must no be empty. " )
try :
i = int(s)
except Exception as err:
print (err)
finally : # Clean up action
print ( " Goodbye! " )
9 文件处理
对比Java,python的文本处理再次让人感动
#
! /usr/bin/python
spath = " D:/download/baa.txt "
f = open(spath, " w " ) # Opens file for writing.Creates this file doesn't exist.
f.write( " First line 1.\n " )
f.writelines( " First line 2. " )
f.close()
f = open(spath, " r " ) # Opens file for reading
for line in f:
print ( " 每一行的数据是:%s " % line)
f.close()
spath = " D:/download/baa.txt "
f = open(spath, " w " ) # Opens file for writing.Creates this file doesn't exist.
f.write( " First line 1.\n " )
f.writelines( " First line 2. " )
f.close()
f = open(spath, " r " ) # Opens file for reading
for line in f:
print ( " 每一行的数据是:%s " % line)
f.close()
知识点:
- open的参数:r表示读,w写数据,在写之前先清空文件内容,a打开并附加内容.
- 打开文件之后记得关闭
10 类和继承
class
Base:
def __init__ (self):
self.data = []
def add(self, x):
self.data.append(x)
def addtwice(self, x):
self.add(x)
self.add(x)
# Child extends Base
class Child(Base):
def plus(self,a,b):
return a + b
oChild = Child()
oChild.add( " str1 " )
print (oChild.data)
print (oChild.plus( 2 , 3 ))
'''
知识点:
* self:类似Java的this参数
'''
def __init__ (self):
self.data = []
def add(self, x):
self.data.append(x)
def addtwice(self, x):
self.add(x)
self.add(x)
# Child extends Base
class Child(Base):
def plus(self,a,b):
return a + b
oChild = Child()
oChild.add( " str1 " )
print (oChild.data)
print (oChild.plus( 2 , 3 ))
'''
知识点:
* self:类似Java的this参数
'''
11 包机制
每一个.py文件称为一个module,module之间可以互相导入.请参看以下例子:
#
a.py
def add_func(a,b):
return a + b
def add_func(a,b):
return a + b
#
b.py
from a import add_func # Also can be : import a
print ( " Import add_func from module a " )
print ( " Result of 1 plus 2 is: " )
print (add_func( 1 , 2 )) # If using "import a" , then here should be "a.add_func"
from a import add_func # Also can be : import a
print ( " Import add_func from module a " )
print ( " Result of 1 plus 2 is: " )
print (add_func( 1 , 2 )) # If using "import a" , then here should be "a.add_func"
module可以定义在包里面.Python定义包的方式稍微有点古怪,假设我们有一个parent文件夹,该文件夹有一个child子文件夹.child中有一个module a.py . 如何让Python知道这个文件层次结构?很简单,每个目录都放一个名为_init_.py 的文件.该文件内容可以为空.这个层次结构如下所示:
parent
-- __init_.py
-- child
-- __init_.py
-- a.py
b.py
-- __init_.py
-- child
-- __init_.py
-- a.py
b.py
那么Python如何找到我们定义的module?在标准包sys中,path属性记录了Python的包路径.你可以将之打印出来:
import sys
print(sys.path)
print(sys.path)
通常我们可以将module的包路径放到环境变量PYTHONPATH中,该环境变量会自动添加到sys.path属性.另一种方便的方法是编程中直接指定我们的module路径到sys.path 中:
import
sys
import os
sys.path.append(os.getcwd() + ' \\parent\\child ' )
print (sys.path)
from a import add_func
print (sys.path)
print ( " Import add_func from module a " )
print ( " Result of 1 plus 2 is: " )
print (add_func( 1 , 2 ))
import os
sys.path.append(os.getcwd() + ' \\parent\\child ' )
print (sys.path)
from a import add_func
print (sys.path)
print ( " Import add_func from module a " )
print ( " Result of 1 plus 2 is: " )
print (add_func( 1 , 2 ))
知识点:
- 如何定义模块和包
- 如何将模块路径添加到系统路径,以便python找到它们
- 如何得到当前路径
12 内建帮助手册
对比C++,Java的突出进步是内建Javadoc机制,程序员可以通过阅读Javadoc了解函数用法.Python也内建了一些方便函数以便程序员参考.
- dir函数: 查看某个类/对象的方法. 如果有某个方法想不起来,请敲dir. 在idle里,试试 dir(list)
- help函数: 详细的类/对象介绍. 在idle里, 试试 help(list)