NDK自带了一个OpenGLes的例子,下面就一起来学习一下。
环境:Ubuntu14.04 NDK r10 ADT13.02 Android Native Development Tools 8.12
注:在ubuntu的adt需要手动安装Android Native Development Tools才能很好的支持NDK。
如果你对Java调用C/C++的代码还不了解,可以参考:JNI原理及实现 利用JNI进行对象操作
如果你对NDK还不了解,可以参考:Android的NDK开发(1)-不一样的HelloWorld
如果你对NDK下的OpenGL es 编程不了解,可以参考:Android的NDK开发(2)-基于NDK的OpenGL开发
File -> Import -> Existing Android Code Into Workspace
定位到ndk的目录,samples -> hello-gl2,加载就可以了。加载好之后目录的结构是像这样的:
Java的代码主要aom.android.gl2jni目录下面,C++的代码主要就在jni目录,obj目录是ndk编译产生的一些文件,libs下面是ndk交叉编译出的各个版本cpu所使用的库版本。
运行结果非常简单,中间一个三角形,背景从白到黑不断变换。
首先来看下java的代码
GL2JNILib.java
public class GL2JNILib { static { System.loadLibrary("gl2jni"); } /** * @param width the current view width * @param height the current view height */ public static native void init(int width, int height); public static native void step(); }
GL2JNIView.java
class GL2JNIView extends GLSurfaceView { private static String TAG = "GL2JNIView"; private static final boolean DEBUG = false; public GL2JNIView(Context context) { super(context); init(false, 0, 0); } public GL2JNIView(Context context, boolean translucent, int depth, int stencil) { super(context); init(translucent, depth, stencil); } private void init(boolean translucent, int depth, int stencil) { /* By default, GLSurfaceView() creates a RGB_565 opaque surface. * If we want a translucent one, we should change the surface's * format here, using PixelFormat.TRANSLUCENT for GL Surfaces * is interpreted as any 32-bit surface with alpha by SurfaceFlinger. */ if (translucent) { this.getHolder().setFormat(PixelFormat.TRANSLUCENT); } /* Setup the context factory for 2.0 rendering. * See ContextFactory class definition below */ setEGLContextFactory(new ContextFactory()); /* We need to choose an EGLConfig that matches the format of * our surface exactly. This is going to be done in our * custom config chooser. See ConfigChooser class definition * below. */ setEGLConfigChooser( translucent ? new ConfigChooser(8, 8, 8, 8, depth, stencil) : new ConfigChooser(5, 6, 5, 0, depth, stencil) ); /* Set the renderer responsible for frame rendering */ setRenderer(new Renderer()); } private static class ContextFactory implements GLSurfaceView.EGLContextFactory { private static int EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION = 0x3098; public EGLContext createContext(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLConfig eglConfig) { Log.w(TAG, "creating OpenGL ES 2.0 context"); checkEglError("Before eglCreateContext", egl); int[] attrib_list = {EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, 2, EGL10.EGL_NONE }; EGLContext context = egl.eglCreateContext(display, eglConfig, EGL10.EGL_NO_CONTEXT, attrib_list); checkEglError("After eglCreateContext", egl); return context; } public void destroyContext(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLContext context) { egl.eglDestroyContext(display, context); } } private static void checkEglError(String prompt, EGL10 egl) { int error; while ((error = egl.eglGetError()) != EGL10.EGL_SUCCESS) { Log.e(TAG, String.format("%s: EGL error: 0x%x", prompt, error)); } } private static class ConfigChooser implements GLSurfaceView.EGLConfigChooser { public ConfigChooser(int r, int g, int b, int a, int depth, int stencil) { mRedSize = r; mGreenSize = g; mBlueSize = b; mAlphaSize = a; mDepthSize = depth; mStencilSize = stencil; } /* This EGL config specification is used to specify 2.0 rendering. * We use a minimum size of 4 bits for red/green/blue, but will * perform actual matching in chooseConfig() below. */ private static int EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT = 4; private static int[] s_configAttribs2 = { EGL10.EGL_RED_SIZE, 4, EGL10.EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 4, EGL10.EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 4, EGL10.EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT, EGL10.EGL_NONE }; public EGLConfig chooseConfig(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display) { /* Get the number of minimally matching EGL configurations */ int[] num_config = new int[1]; egl.eglChooseConfig(display, s_configAttribs2, null, 0, num_config); int numConfigs = num_config[0]; if (numConfigs <= 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("No configs match configSpec"); } /* Allocate then read the array of minimally matching EGL configs */ EGLConfig[] configs = new EGLConfig[numConfigs]; egl.eglChooseConfig(display, s_configAttribs2, configs, numConfigs, num_config); if (DEBUG) { printConfigs(egl, display, configs); } /* Now return the "best" one */ return chooseConfig(egl, display, configs); } public EGLConfig chooseConfig(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLConfig[] configs) { for(EGLConfig config : configs) { int d = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config, EGL10.EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, 0); int s = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config, EGL10.EGL_STENCIL_SIZE, 0); // We need at least mDepthSize and mStencilSize bits if (d < mDepthSize || s < mStencilSize) continue; // We want an *exact* match for red/green/blue/alpha int r = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config, EGL10.EGL_RED_SIZE, 0); int g = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config, EGL10.EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 0); int b = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config, EGL10.EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 0); int a = findConfigAttrib(egl, display, config, EGL10.EGL_ALPHA_SIZE, 0); if (r == mRedSize && g == mGreenSize && b == mBlueSize && a == mAlphaSize) return config; } return null; } private int findConfigAttrib(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLConfig config, int attribute, int defaultValue) { if (egl.eglGetConfigAttrib(display, config, attribute, mValue)) { return mValue[0]; } return defaultValue; } private void printConfigs(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLConfig[] configs) { int numConfigs = configs.length; Log.w(TAG, String.format("%d configurations", numConfigs)); for (int i = 0; i < numConfigs; i++) { Log.w(TAG, String.format("Configuration %d:\n", i)); printConfig(egl, display, configs[i]); } } private void printConfig(EGL10 egl, EGLDisplay display, EGLConfig config) { int[] attributes = { EGL10.EGL_BUFFER_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_ALPHA_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_BLUE_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_GREEN_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_RED_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_STENCIL_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_CONFIG_CAVEAT, EGL10.EGL_CONFIG_ID, EGL10.EGL_LEVEL, EGL10.EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_HEIGHT, EGL10.EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_PIXELS, EGL10.EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_WIDTH, EGL10.EGL_NATIVE_RENDERABLE, EGL10.EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_ID, EGL10.EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_TYPE, 0x3030, // EGL10.EGL_PRESERVED_RESOURCES, EGL10.EGL_SAMPLES, EGL10.EGL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS, EGL10.EGL_SURFACE_TYPE, EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_TYPE, EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_RED_VALUE, EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_GREEN_VALUE, EGL10.EGL_TRANSPARENT_BLUE_VALUE, 0x3039, // EGL10.EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGB, 0x303A, // EGL10.EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGBA, 0x303B, // EGL10.EGL_MIN_SWAP_INTERVAL, 0x303C, // EGL10.EGL_MAX_SWAP_INTERVAL, EGL10.EGL_LUMINANCE_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_ALPHA_MASK_SIZE, EGL10.EGL_COLOR_BUFFER_TYPE, EGL10.EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, 0x3042 // EGL10.EGL_CONFORMANT }; String[] names = { "EGL_BUFFER_SIZE", "EGL_ALPHA_SIZE", "EGL_BLUE_SIZE", "EGL_GREEN_SIZE", "EGL_RED_SIZE", "EGL_DEPTH_SIZE", "EGL_STENCIL_SIZE", "EGL_CONFIG_CAVEAT", "EGL_CONFIG_ID", "EGL_LEVEL", "EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_HEIGHT", "EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_PIXELS", "EGL_MAX_PBUFFER_WIDTH", "EGL_NATIVE_RENDERABLE", "EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_ID", "EGL_NATIVE_VISUAL_TYPE", "EGL_PRESERVED_RESOURCES", "EGL_SAMPLES", "EGL_SAMPLE_BUFFERS", "EGL_SURFACE_TYPE", "EGL_TRANSPARENT_TYPE", "EGL_TRANSPARENT_RED_VALUE", "EGL_TRANSPARENT_GREEN_VALUE", "EGL_TRANSPARENT_BLUE_VALUE", "EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGB", "EGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGBA", "EGL_MIN_SWAP_INTERVAL", "EGL_MAX_SWAP_INTERVAL", "EGL_LUMINANCE_SIZE", "EGL_ALPHA_MASK_SIZE", "EGL_COLOR_BUFFER_TYPE", "EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE", "EGL_CONFORMANT" }; int[] value = new int[1]; for (int i = 0; i < attributes.length; i++) { int attribute = attributes[i]; String name = names[i]; if ( egl.eglGetConfigAttrib(display, config, attribute, value)) { Log.w(TAG, String.format(" %s: %d\n", name, value[0])); } else { // Log.w(TAG, String.format(" %s: failed\n", name)); while (egl.eglGetError() != EGL10.EGL_SUCCESS); } } } // Subclasses can adjust these values: protected int mRedSize; protected int mGreenSize; protected int mBlueSize; protected int mAlphaSize; protected int mDepthSize; protected int mStencilSize; private int[] mValue = new int[1]; } private static class Renderer implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer { public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { GL2JNILib.step(); } public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) { GL2JNILib.init(width, height); } public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 gl, EGLConfig config) { // Do nothing. } } }
还定义了两个类,一个ContextFactory,用与生成OpenGL的Context。
一个ConfigChooser,用于选定支持es 2.0 的EGLConfig。
感觉这几个类分开写一下会更清晰一些。
GL2JNIActivity.java
public class GL2JNIActivity extends Activity { GL2JNIView mView; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle); mView = new GL2JNIView(getApplication()); setContentView(mView); } @Override protected void onPause() { super.onPause(); mView.onPause(); } @Override protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); mView.onResume(); } }
JNI方面,主要看gl_code.cpp就好了。
// OpenGL ES 2.0 code #include <jni.h> #include <android/log.h> #include <GLES2/gl2.h> #include <GLES2/gl2ext.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #define LOG_TAG "libgl2jni" #define LOGI(...) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__) #define LOGE(...) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__) static void printGLString(const char *name, GLenum s) { const char *v = (const char *) glGetString(s); LOGI("GL %s = %s\n", name, v); } static void checkGlError(const char* op) { for (GLint error = glGetError(); error; error = glGetError()) { LOGI("after %s() glError (0x%x)\n", op, error); } } static const char gVertexShader[] = "attribute vec4 vPosition;\n" "void main() {\n" " gl_Position = vPosition;\n" "}\n"; static const char gFragmentShader[] = "precision mediump float;\n" "void main() {\n" " gl_FragColor = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);\n" "}\n"; GLuint loadShader(GLenum shaderType, const char* pSource) { GLuint shader = glCreateShader(shaderType); if (shader) { glShaderSource(shader, 1, &pSource, NULL); glCompileShader(shader); GLint compiled = 0; glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &compiled); if (!compiled) { GLint infoLen = 0; glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLen); if (infoLen) { char* buf = (char*) malloc(infoLen); if (buf) { glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, infoLen, NULL, buf); LOGE("Could not compile shader %d:\n%s\n", shaderType, buf); free(buf); } glDeleteShader(shader); shader = 0; } } } return shader; } GLuint createProgram(const char* pVertexSource, const char* pFragmentSource) { GLuint vertexShader = loadShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, pVertexSource); if (!vertexShader) { return 0; } GLuint pixelShader = loadShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, pFragmentSource); if (!pixelShader) { return 0; } GLuint program = glCreateProgram(); if (program) { glAttachShader(program, vertexShader); checkGlError("glAttachShader"); glAttachShader(program, pixelShader); checkGlError("glAttachShader"); glLinkProgram(program); GLint linkStatus = GL_FALSE; glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linkStatus); if (linkStatus != GL_TRUE) { GLint bufLength = 0; glGetProgramiv(program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &bufLength); if (bufLength) { char* buf = (char*) malloc(bufLength); if (buf) { glGetProgramInfoLog(program, bufLength, NULL, buf); LOGE("Could not link program:\n%s\n", buf); free(buf); } } glDeleteProgram(program); program = 0; } } return program; } GLuint gProgram; GLuint gvPositionHandle; bool setupGraphics(int w, int h) { printGLString("Version", GL_VERSION); printGLString("Vendor", GL_VENDOR); printGLString("Renderer", GL_RENDERER); printGLString("Extensions", GL_EXTENSIONS); LOGI("setupGraphics(%d, %d)", w, h); gProgram = createProgram(gVertexShader, gFragmentShader); if (!gProgram) { LOGE("Could not create program."); return false; } gvPositionHandle = glGetAttribLocation(gProgram, "vPosition"); checkGlError("glGetAttribLocation"); LOGI("glGetAttribLocation(\"vPosition\") = %d\n", gvPositionHandle); glViewport(0, 0, w, h); checkGlError("glViewport"); return true; } const GLfloat gTriangleVertices[] = { 0.0f, 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f }; void renderFrame() { static float grey; grey += 0.01f; if (grey > 1.0f) { grey = 0.0f; } glClearColor(grey, grey, grey, 1.0f); checkGlError("glClearColor"); glClear( GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT | GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); checkGlError("glClear"); glUseProgram(gProgram); checkGlError("glUseProgram"); glVertexAttribPointer(gvPositionHandle, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, gTriangleVertices); checkGlError("glVertexAttribPointer"); glEnableVertexAttribArray(gvPositionHandle); checkGlError("glEnableVertexAttribArray"); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); checkGlError("glDrawArrays"); } extern "C" { JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_init(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj, jint width, jint height); JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_step(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj); }; JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_init(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj, jint width, jint height) { setupGraphics(width, height); } JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_com_android_gl2jni_GL2JNILib_step(JNIEnv * env, jobject obj) { renderFrame(); }
首先说几个C++的几个关键字的用法。
全局static变量与static函数
在全局变量之前加上关键字static,全局变量就被定义成为一个全局静态变量。
1)内存中的位置:静态存储区(静态存储区在整个程序运行期间都存在)
2)初始化:未经初始化的全局静态变量会被程序自动初始化为0(自动对象的值是任意的,除非他被显示初始化)
3)作用域:全局静态变量在声明他的文件之外是不可见的。准确地讲从定义之处开始到文件结尾。
好处:
定义全局静态变量的好处:
1)不会被其他文件所访问,修改
2)其他文件中可以使用相同名字的变量,不会发生冲突。
静态函数
在函数的返回类型前加上关键字static,函数就被定义成为静态函数。
函数的定义和声明默认情况下是extern的,但静态函数只是在声明他的文件当中可见,不能被其他文件所用。
定义静态函数的好处:
<1> 其他文件中可以定义相同名字的函数,不会发生冲突
<2> 静态函数不能被其他文件所用。
extern "C" 的用法
被extern "C"修饰的变量和函数是按照C语言方式编译和连接的;实现C++与C及其它语言的混合编程。
而在C语言的头文件中,对其外部函数只能指定为extern类型,C语言中不支持extern "C"声明,在.c文件中包含了extern "C"时会出现编译语法错误。
如果C++调用一个C语言编写的.DLL时,当包括.DLL的头文件或声明接口函数时,应加extern "C" { }。
在这里用 extern "C"框住两个函数,主要是让Jni来调用它们。
代码分析
首先是在c++代码中打tag的方法。
#include <android/log.h> #define LOG_TAG "libgl2jni" #define LOGI(...) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__) #define LOGE(...) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR,LOG_TAG,__VA_ARGS__) static void printGLString(const char *name, GLenum s) { const char *v = (const char *) glGetString(s); LOGI("GL %s = %s\n", name, v); }
接下来是将自带的log函数用用预定义的方法简化一下。
printGLString等于是又封装了一层,同时可以打印gl的信息。
checkGlError用于检查OpenGL内部发生的错误,OpenGL在运行过程中所产生的错误都可以用glGetError来获得。
vertext shader和fregment shader的内容还有三角形的顶点位置都用已经在程序中写死。如果想加载外部的shader的话,要么在ndk中实现文件的读写,要么就在用java读取,然后传到C里面来处理。
shader相关的流水线可以参考 - GLSL入门
setupGraphics用于shader的一些初始化,还有context的一些初始化。
renderframe非常简单,就是渲染三角形,改变背景颜色,不断刷新。
打完收工