PYTHON功能学习之邮件发送
可以使用Python的email模块来实现带有附件的邮件的发送。
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
邮件传送代理 (Mail Transfer Agent，MTA) 程序使用SMTP协议来发送电邮到接收者的邮件服务器。SMTP协议只能用来发送邮件，不能用来接收邮件。大多数的邮件发送服务器 (Outgoing Mail Server) 都是使用SMTP协议。SMTP协议的默认TCP端口号是25。
SMTP协议的一个重要特点是它能够接力传送邮件。它工作在两种情况下：一是电子邮件从客户机传输到服务器；二是从某一个服务器传输到另一个服务器。
POP3 (Post Office Protocol) & IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
POP协议和IMAP协议是用于邮件接收的最常见的两种协议。几乎所有的邮件客户端和服务器都支持这两种协议。
POP3协议为用户提供了一种简单、标准的方式来访问邮箱和获取电邮。使用POP3协议的电邮客户端通常的工作过程是：连接服务器、获取所有信息并保存在用户主机、从服务器删除这些消息然后断开连接。POP3协议的默认TCP端口号是110。
IMAP协议也提供了方便的邮件下载服务，让用户能进行离线阅读。使用IMAP协议的电邮客户端通常把信息保留在服务器上直到用户显式删除。这种特性使得多个客户端可以同时管理一个邮箱。IMAP协议提供了摘要浏览功能，可以让用户在阅读完所有的邮件到达时间、主题、发件人、大小等信息后再决定是否下载。IMAP协议的默认TCP端口号是143。
邮件格式 (RFC 2822)
每封邮件都有两个部分：邮件头和邮件体，两者使用一个空行分隔。
邮件头每个字段 (Field) 包括两部分：字段名和字段值，两者使用冒号分隔。有两个字段需要注意：From和Sender字段。From字段指明的是邮件的作者，Sender字段指明的是邮件的发送者。如果From字段包含多于一个的作者，必须指定Sender字段；如果From字段只有一个作者并且作者和发送者相同，那么不应该再使用Sender字段，否则From字段和Sender字段应该同时使用。
邮件体包含邮件的内容，它的类型由邮件头的Content-Type字段指明。RFC 2822定义的邮件格式中，邮件体只是单纯的ASCII编码的字符序列。
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) (RFC 1341)
MIME扩展邮件的格式，用以支持非ASCII编码的文本、非文本附件以及包含多个部分 (multi-part) 的邮件体等。
Python email模块
1. class email.message.Message
- __getitem__，__setitem__实现obj[key]形式的访问。
- Msg.attach(playload): 向当前Msg添加playload。
- Msg.set_playload(playload): 把整个Msg对象的邮件体设成playload。
- Msg.add_header(_name, _value, **_params): 添加邮件头字段。
2. class email.mime.base.MIMEBase(_maintype, _subtype, **_params)
所有MIME类的基类，是email.message.Message类的子类。
3. class email.mime.multipart.MIMEMultipart()
在3.0版本的email模块 (Python 2.3-Python 2.5) 中，这个类位于email.MIMEMultipart.MIMEMultipart。
这个类是MIMEBase的直接子类，用来生成包含多个部分的邮件体的MIME对象。
4. class email.mime.text.MIMEText(_text)
使用字符串_text来生成MIME对象的主体文本。
代码实现
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
# python 2.3.*: email.Utils email.Encoders
from email.utils import COMMASPACE,formatdate
from email import encoders
import os
#server['name'], server['user'], server['passwd']
def send_mail(server, fro, to, subject, text, files=[]):
assert type(server) == dict
assert type(to) == list
assert type(files) == list
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['From'] = fro
msg['Subject'] = subject
msg['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(to) #COMMASPACE==', '
msg['Date'] = formatdate(localtime=True)
msg.attach(MIMEText(text))
for file in files:
part = MIMEBase('application', 'octet-stream') #'octet-stream': binary data
part.set_payload(open(file, 'rb'.read()))
encoders.encode_base64(part)
part.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment; filename="%s"' % os.path.basename(file))
msg.attach(part)
import smtplib
smtp = smtplib.SMTP(server['name'])
smtp.login(server['user'], server['passwd'])
smtp.sendmail(fro, to, msg.as_string())
smtp.close()
文件形式的邮件
- #!/usr/bin/env python3
- #coding: utf-8
- import smtplib
- from email.mime.text import MIMEText
- from email.header import Header
- sender = '***'
- receiver = '***'
- subject = 'python email test'
- smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
- username = '***'
- password = '***'
- msg = MIMEText('你好','text','utf-8')#中文需参数‘utf-8’，单字节字符不需要
- msg['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
- smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
- smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
- smtp.login(username, password)
- smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
- smtp.quit()
HTML形式的邮件
- #!/usr/bin/env python3
- #coding: utf-8
- import smtplib
- from email.mime.text import MIMEText
- sender = '***'
- receiver = '***'
- subject = 'python email test'
- smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
- username = '***'
- password = '***'
- msg = MIMEText('<html><h1>你好</h1></html>','html','utf-8')
- msg['Subject'] = subject
- smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
- smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
- smtp.login(username, password)
- smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
- smtp.quit()
带图片的HTML邮件
- #!/usr/bin/env python3
- #coding: utf-8
- import smtplib
- from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
- from email.mime.text import MIMEText
- from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
- sender = '***'
- receiver = '***'
- subject = 'python email test'
- smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
- username = '***'
- password = '***'
- msgRoot = MIMEMultipart('related')
- msgRoot['Subject'] = 'test message'
- msgText = MIMEText('<b>Some <i>HTML</i> text</b> and an image.<br><img src="cid:image1"><br>good!','html','utf-8')
- msgRoot.attach(msgText)
- fp = open('h:\\python\\1.jpg', 'rb')
- msgImage = MIMEImage(fp.read())
- fp.close()
- msgImage.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>')
- msgRoot.attach(msgImage)
- smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
- smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
- smtp.login(username, password)
- smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msgRoot.as_string())
- smtp.quit()
- #!/usr/bin/env python3
- #coding: utf-8
- import smtplib
- from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
- from email.mime.text import MIMEText
- from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
- sender = '***'
- receiver = '***'
- subject = 'python email test'
- smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
- username = '***'
- password = '***'
- msgRoot = MIMEMultipart('related')
- msgRoot['Subject'] = 'test message'
- #构造附件
- att = MIMEText(open('h:\\python\\1.jpg', 'rb').read(), 'base64', 'utf-8')
- att["Content-Type"] = 'application/octet-stream'
- att["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="1.jpg"'
- msgRoot.attach(att)
- smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
- smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
- smtp.login(username, password)
- smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msgRoot.as_string())
- smtp.quit()
群邮件
- #!/usr/bin/env python3
- #coding: utf-8
- import smtplib
- from email.mime.text import MIMEText
- sender = '***'
- receiver = ['***','****',……]
- subject = 'python email test'
- smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
- username = '***'
- password = '***'
- msg = MIMEText('你好','text','utf-8')
- msg['Subject'] = subject
- smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
- smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
- smtp.login(username, password)
- smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
- smtp.quit()
各种元素都包含的邮件
- #!/usr/bin/env python3
- #coding: utf-8
- import smtplib
- from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
- from email.mime.text import MIMEText
- from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
- sender = '***'
- receiver = '***'
- subject = 'python email test'
- smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
- username = '***'
- password = '***'
- # Create message container - the correct MIME type is multipart/alternative.
- msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
- msg['Subject'] = "Link"
- # Create the body of the message (a plain-text and an HTML version).
- text = "Hi!\nHow are you?\nHere is the link you wanted:\nhttp://www.python.org"
- html = """\
- <html>
- <head></head>
- <body>
- <p>Hi!<br>
- How are you?<br>
- Here is the <a href="http://www.python.org">link</a> you wanted.
- </p>
- </body>
- </html>
- """
- # Record the MIME types of both parts - text/plain and text/html.
- part1 = MIMEText(text, 'plain')
- part2 = MIMEText(html, 'html')
- # Attach parts into message container.
- # According to RFC 2046, the last part of a multipart message, in this case
- # the HTML message, is best and preferred.
- msg.attach(part1)
- msg.attach(part2)
- #构造附件
- att = MIMEText(open('h:\\python\\1.jpg', 'rb').read(), 'base64', 'utf-8')
- att["Content-Type"] = 'application/octet-stream'
- att["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="1.jpg"'
- msg.attach(att)
- smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
- smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
- smtp.login(username, password)
- smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
- smtp.quit()
基于SSL的邮件
- #!/usr/bin/env python3
- #coding: utf-8
- import smtplib
- from email.mime.text import MIMEText
- from email.header import Header
- sender = '***'
- receiver = '***'
- subject = 'python email test'
- smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
- username = '***'
- password = '***'
- msg = MIMEText('你好','text','utf-8')#中文需参数‘utf-8’，单字节字符不需要
- msg['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
- smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
- smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
- smtp.ehlo()
- smtp.starttls()
- smtp.ehlo()
- smtp.set_debuglevel(1)
- smtp.login(username, password)
- smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
- smtp.quit()