1. 考研英语中的阅读理解部分是如何构成的?
该部分由A、B两节组成,考查考生理解书面英语的能力。共25小题,每小题2分,共50分。
A节(20题):主要考查考生理解具体信息、掌握文章大意、猜测生词词义并进行推断等能力。要求考生根据所提供的四篇(总长度约为1,600词)文章的内容,从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节(5题):主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。
2. 为什么考研英语复习的核心是阅读?
考研英语复习应该以阅读为核心,其原因有三:
1)阅读虽然不能提供自然和口头交际语言环境,但是各种体裁、题材、风格的外语材料涉及真实生活中的方方面面,能提供自然、完整、系统的书面语言环境。
2)由于阅读材料中包含丰富的语法结构、词汇、信息以及其他各种语言现象,读者要想理解和掌握内容、吸收知识,就必须运用已经学过的语言知识和文化背景知识,运用学到的语言技能,同化自己背诵和记忆的语言知识和语言现象,掌握新的语言技能。因此阅读既可为外语学习者提供运用语言知识、语言技能、文化背景知识的机会,又可巩固、提高其知识、技能。另外,阅读实际上是一种书面交际活动,而阅读的过程本质上是读者和作者进行思想交流的过程,外语学习者在阅读过程中会跟着作者的思维,去体验、领悟作者所传达的信息,并模仿、学习作者所用的语言。因此,阅读既可提供模仿、学习地道外语的机会,也可增加爱于学习者对地道外语的真实体验,并自然而然地增强外语的语感。
3)阅读可提高学习兴趣和自信心。好的阅读材料奉献给读者一个色彩缤纷的世界,各种外语读物为读者真实地展现异国的风土人情、社会风俗、历史文化、经济发展、政治变迁、科技成果等。作者通过表明观点、态度和描述经历、情感,向读者展现一个个丰富的内心世界。通过阅读自己喜欢的读物,外语学习者可以满足其求知欲、好奇心和其他各种需要,从而提高学习兴趣。此外,外语学习者在理解、掌握了所读内容,丰富了知识,熟练了语言技能时就会有一种成就感,这些都可以提高学习的积极性和自信心。
3. 阅读与听力之间的关系是什么?
在英语学习中通常是阅读先于听,因此阅读对听力具有直接的影响。决定听力好坏的因素除了辨音能力外,还有语言基础知识,如词汇、句法结构、文化背景知识等。只有通过阅读增加词汇量,积累和熟悉句法结构,扩大知识面,才能在听的时候更加轻松。而且和听相比,阅读是一条相对容易、切实获得语言知识、文化背景知识的途径。听往往是一次性的、瞬间的过程,因为为了理解、记忆所听内容,听者毕竟没有很多时间去研究、推敲词汇、句法结构等。因此,听在很大程度上是一种运用语言知识、文化背景知识的过程。而阅读却可以是重复性的、长时间的过程,读者有充裕的时间来详细地、慢慢地研究、吸收所学的内容。除了语言知识、文化背景知识,概括、预测等各种能力在听力中也非常重要。总之,在大量阅读的基础上加强听力的训练对听力的提高有着直接的、重大的意义。阅读在很大程度上是提高听力的基础。
4. 阅读与写作之间的关系是什么?
英语阅读对英语写作有着重要的作用。写好一篇文章需要运用词汇、语法和修辞等方面的知识来表达思想、情感,要运用词汇、语法和修辞知识就必须先获得这些知识,要想用英语表达思想、情感,就必须拥有足够的英语表达和英语信息量。这就需要英语学习者进行广泛的阅读才能获得。此外,一篇英语文章只有符合英语写作习惯、风格才能算得上地道的英语文章。这需要通过阅读来了解英语写作知识,如英语写作格式、写作习惯、写作特点等。通过阅读学习优秀的英语篇章,以其为范例进行模仿写作是一种极为有效的提高写作水平的途径。英语学习者应多读规范的作品,吸收精华,然后进行实践运用,化为已有,从而提高写作水平。
5. 备战考研英语阅读的八大要点是什么?
1) 因为历年考题着重考查考生把握文章重要信息的能力,因此,考生准备2005年考研时的重点还是要学会正确的阅读方法,通过把握关键的词、句、段来捕捉文章的重要信息;
2) 有意识地多阅读一些涉及新领域、新学科、文化和社会热点问题的文章;就中文方面而言,平时多读《环球时报》和《参考消息》等报刊杂志,从知识面上做好理解文章的准备;
3) 有意识地多读一些包含疑难长句的文章,培养自己破解疑难长句的能力,习惯英文的表达方式;
4) 有意识地多接触一些哲理性较深、说理性较强的文章,熟悉文章的写作方法;切勿仅仅局限于说明文的阅读;
5) 有意识地多做一些较有难度和挑战性的习题,经常总结体会解题思路;
6) 认真地理解词与词、句与句、段与段之间的关系,提高利用上下文提供的线索确切把握关键词、句和段的能力;
7) 大力扩展词汇量,牢记常见词根、词缀,尤其要学会从词的原义推断其引申义,从上下文中推断生词和词的引申义;
8) 有意识地熟读历年考研真题,熟悉必考题型,掌握必要的做题技巧,努力提高做题的命中率。
6. 考生如何强化考研阅读技能的学习与提高?
1) 要学会把握篇章的大意。在进行阅读的复习时,考生应首先检查一下自己是否已掌握了阅读的基本方法和技能。在诸多技能中,最重要的是要学会把握文章大意的技能。这是理解文章的关键。掌握此技能可以从抓住句子大意开始训练。
在读完一个段落后,要学会抓住段落的中心。一般而言,段落的某一个句子能高度概括本段的中心内容,这就是段落的主题句(topic sentence)。
在阅读时,读者若想找出篇章的主题,应重点关注文章的起始和结尾段。文章开始时,作者往往“开宗名义”点出主题;结尾时,往往进行概括归纳。
当然,并不是在每个段落、篇章中,读者都可以找到表达中心意义的概括表述。当缺乏主题句时,考生应学会综合篇章主要内容,总结和概括出中心意义。在应试时,要找出主旨类型题,认真研究其四个选项,从中找出最能表达篇章大意的表述。
2) 通过阅读吸收语言知识。不少考生在阅读复习中,过多地将精力放在作阅读理解练习题,而且错误地认为只要将几个问题答正确,就可完事大吉。这不是科学有效的复习方法。阅读是中国学生在国内的环境中学习英语的重要途径。它是听、说、写、译等其他技能的根本,没有阅读提供的语言输入。其他几项语言技能很难向更高水平发展。所以考生应把阅读复习当作语言学习性阅读,即通过阅读吸收语言知识,在阅读时要独具慧眼,特别是对那些英美人独特的表达方式、词汇的搭配用法要十分敏感,要有意识地进行记忆。这样的语言积累对提高翻译、写作技能都有帮助。
以语言吸收、输入为目的的阅读对考生今后解答题目也大有裨益。这种方法比只做测试要有成效,考生能学得活,记得牢。所以阅读复习时一定要处理好把握篇章大意和精确理解掌握语言表达方式的关系。只有在复习时求精,才能在应试时做到快捷、准确。
3) 要善于发现和利用篇章的冗余信息
篇章中新信息的提出一般都是建立在旧信息的基础之上的,为了便于读者准确无误地理解接踵而至的信息,作者在传递新信息时,经常要重复一部分旧信息,这重复的旧信息就是冗余信息。
篇章中信息的重叠与冗余为阅读理解提供了某种便利,因为在很多情况下,当冗余信息对上文的内容进行重述时,也为其中的语言难点和理解障碍作了某种注解或提供了理解线索。所以,考生在通过阅读进行考前复习时,要培养自己对冗余信息的敏锐观察力。这是一项重要的阅读技能,它对提高阅读理解水平帮助极大。
冗余信息在语篇中有不同的表现形式,其共同点都是在下文中用意义相同或相近的文字来重申上文中业已表达的信息。从语言单位来划分,冗余信息在词、句和段这三个层面都有体现。
有时在篇章中还会碰到句子形式的冗余信息。它往往还与上句构成某种类型的句际关系,如解释、例证、概括、对比、困果等。
有时,考生还要关注词义的上下义关系,因为它们也体现着一种形式的信息冗余。
从阅读理解的角度看,考生的冗余信息意识既可以促使他们用联系的眼光来把握文章,把注意力放在较大的语言单位,找出它们之间的相关性,以便对文章有整体把握,还可培养考生独立解决阅读理解障碍的能力。通过对冗余信息的分析,可推断出一些难词难句的意义,免去查阅词典之烦,进而提高阅读速度。
4) 通过阅读扩展英美文化背景知识
语言是文化的载体。阅读练习中的不少篇章都是反映英美社会、政治、历史、风俗习惯的。如果具备这些背景知识无疑能够提高考生的阅读理解能力,所以在阅读复习时,要多选择一些能反映英美文化的文章来阅读。
The economic slump is the biggest problem facing Americans today. Despite all the talk about deficit spending, oil prices, unemployment, and the impending depression, Americans continue to spend large sums of money on goods which are frivolous and damaging to the country.
The economic boom in the fifties and sixties transformed Americans into the most wasteful people on earth. People in other parts of the world could live comfortably on our trash. Americans throw away disposable diapers, dishrags, and aprons. One company even developed disposable clothes. You wear them until they’re dirty and then you throw them away. Americans also throw away paper plates, dishes, and cups and plastic knives, forks and spoons.
This tremendous waste also extends into other areas. While oil shortages increase, many Americans continue driving gas guzzling luxury cars. Younger Americans zoom around in their hot rods equipped with ridiculous devices which increase speed and power while diminishing gas mileage. While the price of paper products climbs, McDonald’s continues to wrap a Big Mac in paper, put a cardboard strip around it, put it in a box, and then place it in a paper sack. While the prices for producing energy skyrockets, Americans continue to buy electric can openers, blankets, razors, knives, tooth brushes, and so forth. And while people starve all over the world, Americans buy tons of pet food to feed pets that range from aardvarks to zebras. I could go on and on with examples. Needless lights shine bright, tons of food go down garbage disposals, and litter covers the landscape. Yet for years little has been done. Wastefulness has become as American as apple pie.
The recent recession has prompted some changes though. Car pools have been formed, speed limits have been reduced, and recycling centers have been established. One newspaper even reported that garbage cans are not as full as they used to be. However, much remains to be done. America can no longer afford to waste its resources as it has done for the past twenty-five years. Perhaps the current recession will awaken Americans to the realities of a world that is overcrowded and running out of natural resources and force them to change their extravagant life styles.
这篇文章虽然语言简单,但是它广泛地涉及美国社会的情况,只有对美国人的生活方式有较多了解的考生,才能准确理解它。deficit spending 是指美国人分期付款的购物方式。McDonald’s是闻名全球的美国快餐公司。pet food不是人们头脑中的喂动物的残汤剩饭,它在美国是一个重要的食品门类。apple pie代表着典型的美国食物。而car pools与其字面意义相去甚远。它是美国人为节省汽油而合伙搭车上班的一种形式。这些词语都含有丰富的文化内容,是我们在阅读中要注意和学习的。
此外对英语谚语的了解,对常识的掌握也能帮助我们提高阅读能力。
The past may also be a place of horror, of regret, of spilled milk of unfortunate dead that “can not be undone”.
句中的spilled milk让人费解。如果我们熟知它来自英语谚语 “Don’t cry over spilled milk”.(不要为洒了的牛奶而哭泣;不要做无意的后悔)对这个词组的理解会有豁然开朗之感。再看一例:
It is also useless to worry about the future. Why fly to heaven before it’s time? What anxious visions haunt the person who thinks too much about the future? He envisions the horrible mushroom cloud, the earth shriveling from radiation, the overpopulated abused earth gone dead.
对此例中的mushroom cloud的理解依赖于读者头脑中的常识,如果也不知道原子弹爆炸后会产生蘑菇状的烟云,对这句话的理解就会出现障碍。
7. 考研英语阅读理解的常见文体和文章结构是什么?
考研英语的文章多数为议论文、说明文和新闻报道以及评论。这些文体的文章有一个相同的特点,用一系列论据来论证或说明一个中心议题。一般来讲,文章结构大致如下:
1) 提出问题
2) 论述问题
3) 结论问题
当然,这只是此类文章最典型的构成方法,并不意味着它们都是雷打不动、千篇一律地遵循这种模式,例如:有些文章也许不直接提出问题,而仅仅在文后阐明结论;有些文章如果结论已自明的话,便不再重述结论;有些文章的结论比提出问题部分表达得更明确或更进一步;有些文章则利用引述别人的看法或评价结束讨论(尤其是新闻体文章)等等。然而,无论哪种结论,大部分文章或者是遵循以上提到的这种论述方式,或者是这种模式的相应变体。另外,议论文和说明文经常界限难分,彼此相互渗透。
无论从考研大纲所要求考生掌握的阅读技能来看,还是从考研试题的命题角度来看,考生学会把握文章的主旨异常重要。只有把握住文章的主旨和各段的主题,考生才能把握某个局部在上下文中的关系以及作者的观点和态度,从而据此进行分析、判断、推理和引申。
因此,考生必须采用正确的阅读方式:边读边有意识地把握文章的结构和作者的推理过程,并在此基础上考察具体细节,进行判断和引申。相反,只靠读懂文章的大意或孤立地对照、检查某个局部则无法确保做对文章后面的阅读理解题。
8. 考研英语阅读理解的特点和常规题型是什么?
阅读理解部分是硕士研究生入学英语考试的重点,其目的在于测试考生综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解书面材料的能力。同其他测试项目相比,该部分的篇幅最长,其分数在总分中占得比例最高,解答好阅读理解题对提高考试成绩无疑是至关重要的。
阅读测试要求考生在短时间内快速阅读,并对短文(text)有一定程度的理解,这就要求考生用不同的阅读方法和技巧。例如,为了对文章有大致的理解,可采用略读的方法,尤其对文章的起始段和结尾段要给予足够的关注。查阅是在对文章有了大概了解后,在文中查找具体信息的方法,查阅时要迅速确定查阅范围,对与所查信息无关的内容可一扫而过。而细读也是围绕文章的有关问题而进行的。它包括对文章主旨的推断,根据上下文(context)对某些词的意义的推测等。
阅读理解题可大致分为三种类型,即主旨类、事实与细节类和推断类。不同类型的问题应采用不同的解题方法。
9. 阅读理解主旨题的解答方法是什么?
主旨题测试考生概括总结文章主旨大意的能力,是阅读理解部分一项重要的技能测试,常见的问题有:
What is this text mainly about?
What is the main idea of this text?
The purpose of this text is …
The best title for this text is …
解答说明类文章(exposition)的主旨题时,考生应特别关注文章的起始段和结尾段,因为多数作者喜欢在文章起始时“开宗明义”,在文章结尾中归纳概括。在这两部分中,更要对那些具有高度概括力的句子特别敏感,有时,它们中的一句或两句话就是文章的主旨,例如:
Students graduating from colleges today are not fully prepared to deal with the “real world.” It is my belief that college students need to be taught more skills and information to enable them to meet the challenges that face everyone in daily life. The areas in which students need training are playing the credit game, planning their personal financial strategy, and consumer awareness.
Learning how to obtain and use credit is probably the most valuable knowledge a young person can have. Credit is a dangerous tool that can be of tremendous help if it is handled with caution. Having credit can enable people to obtain material necessities before they have the money to purchase them outright. But unfortunately, many, many young people get carried away with their handy plastic cards and awake one day to find they are in serious financial debt. Learning how to use credit properly can be a very difficult and painful lesson indeed.
Of equal importance is learning how to plan a personal budget. People have to know how to control money; otherwise, it can control them. Students should leave college knowing how to allocate their money for living expenses, insurance, savings, and so forth in order to avoid the “Oh, no! I’m flat broke and I don’t get paid again for two weeks!” anxiety syndrome.
Along with learning about credit and personal financial planning, graduating college students should be trained as consumers. The consumer market today is flooded with a variety of products and services of varying quality and prices. A young person entering the “real world” is suddenly faced with agonizing decisions about which product to buy or whose services to engage. He is usually unaware of such things as return policies, guarantees, or repair procedures. Information of this sort is vital knowledge to everyday living.
For a newly graduated college student, the “real world’ can be a scary place to be when he or she is faced with such issues as handling credit, planning a budget, or knowing what to look for when making a purchase and whom to purchase it from. Entering this “real world” could be made less traumatic if persons were educated in dealing with these areas of daily life. What better place to accomplish this than in college?
这是一篇说明文,要解答这篇文章的主旨题,考生无需通读全文,或者在文中其他部分寻找线索,考生只需要将第1段的内容浏览一下,就能找到文章的大意,此外还能把握文章的体裁和展开方式,因为这两个主要内容都包括在这两个句子中:
It is my belief that college students need to be taught more skills and information to enable them to meet the challenges that face everyone in daily life. The areas in which students need training are playing the credit game, planning their personal financial strategy, and consumer awareness. 所以说,把握重点段落的重点句子是解答主旨题的关键。
当主旨题的答题依据不在首段和尾段时,要注意其他段落中那些具有概括功能的表述。表达事实和细节的句子不能成为解答主旨题的重要依据。下面以考研真题为例进行分析:
The key point of the text is that _____.
A) stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families
B) more good examples should be set for people to follow
C) more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior
D) more people should accept the value of accountability
该题属主旨类型。参照上述的解题要领。我们应在文章中寻找概括性的表述。下面是文章的第1、2段。
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
(1) Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. (2) Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. (3) It has happened in the area of values. (4) A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.
与一般情况不同,文章的第1段看不到主旨题的解题线索,我们只能在后面的段落中寻找,在第2段中有三个句子具有概括性。最后一句A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability。 与文章的主题关系最密切,它包含着文章的关键词accountability,而文章其后的内容都是围绕着这个关键词展开的。此外,作者还对accountability这个关键词进行了详细的定义。
“Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.” 语篇知识告诉我们,在短文中作者一般对最重要的词语进行较详细的定义。在文章的结尾寻找解题线索时,我们又见到这样一句概述:“We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.”明确了此句的意义,就会发现它与该题的D项在意义上非常近似,唯一的区别是D项比它更精练,更概括,所以D项无疑是正确答案。至于A,C两项只是用于阐述主题的事实,而B项是原文中根本没有提及的内容。
从此例中还可以看出,在解答主旨类型题时,除了在文章中寻找线索和依据外,对四个选项也要仔细斟酌。那些过于具体、只涉及原文细节的表述很可能是干扰项。正确的选择应该是那些既具体又概括的表述,具体是说它只限于篇中所言,概括意味着文章的主要信息包括在其中。
10. 阅读理解事实与细节题的解答方法是什么?
大多数阅读理解的文章都有主旨和细节两部分,考研英语阅读测试中细节题设计的目的在于检测考生对组成文章的主题部分的理解程度。它要求考生利用文章提供的具体信息回答问题,通常包括询问事件发生的时间、地点、人物的基本情况以及事情发生的原因、结果等。相对而言,细节、事实类题型比较容易,解题的关键是要迅速准确地在文中找到所需信息,或是与解题相关的关键词和关键句。常见的问题有:
According to the text, what was the _____?
Which of the following is true?
Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the text?
Which of the following statements is false (true, correct) according to the text (author)?
What do we know about _____?
因为细节题较容易,有时为了增加测试难度,命题专家在题干或选项中要增加一些词语或意义上的干扰。所以考生不可能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案。例如:
This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes. In other words, a good reader is a critical reader. One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions. Facts can be checked by evidence. Opinions are one’s own personal reactions.
Question:
A good reader is one who _____.
A) relates what he reads to his own knowledge about the subject matter
B) does lots of thinking in his reading
C) takes a critical attitude in his reading
D) is able to check the facts presented against what he has already known
此题中,C项“take a critical attitude in his reading”与原文的意义相同,它只不过是换了一种表达方法而已。有的细节题是有关年代和数字的,这类题在文中也不会有现成答案,它需要依据文中提供的内容作简单的计算和推断,例如:
The precise time of the Navajo’s appearance in the Southwest is not fully agreed upon, but archaeological evidence suggests that they have been in the region for at least 500 years.
Question:
According to the text, it is most likely that the Navajo first settled in what is now the Southwestern United States during _____.
A) prehistoric times
B) the fifteenth century
C) the nineteenth century
D) this century
文中说“关于Navajo”人在美国西南地区出现的确切时间还颇有争执,但是考古材料表明他们已在这个地区生活了至少500年。 因此,他们到此定居的时间距现在500年以上,换句话说,是在15世纪左右。故正确答案为B。
有时在找到与细节题有关的关键词后,还应在其周围找出相关的信息群。在查找相关信息时,考生应记住:事实、细节题出现的先后一般与文章陈述的顺序一致。熟悉这一规律对考生快速准确地答题也有帮助。例如:
Question:
The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _____.
A) the definition of maturity has changed
B) the industrialized society is more developed
C) more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
D) ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
这是文章的第一个问题,首先可通过略读在文章的第1段中寻找相关信息。
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectation and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
在此段中考生应该将上文第二句中的in industrial societies确定为关键词语,因为它与题干中的in industrial societies相吻合。以这个关键词语为线索,我们应迅速在其周围找到解题信息。这样段中的第二个句子“while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labour, the period of adolescence is much longer”就是相关信息群的所在。以此为依据,可确定C项为正确答案,其他三项的内容虽然文中也有提及,但是与问题不符。
11. 阅读理解推断题的解答方法是什么?
有时作者限于文章的篇幅或由于其他原因对一些问题不作直接陈述,这时读者就应根据文中的暗示进行合乎逻辑的推理,以求对文章有全面准确的理解。
近年来在阅读理解部分,要求考生根据所读材料进行推论的试题渐趋增多。这是一种难度较大的题型,常见的提问方式有:
From the text it can be inferred that …
The author implies that …
Apparently the author suggests that …
The text supports which of the following statements?
在解推断题时,要首先找出间接证据,然后进行推理,得出一个合理的结论,例如:
The search for ways of preserving foods is not new. Primitive man learned that he could make foods last by drying them. The greatest single advance began in 1800 when a Frenchman, Nicolas Appert, discovered that he could preserve certain foods by sealing them in jars and keeping the air from them. The process was the start of the vast canning industry which brings us many foods in all seasons.
Question:
The text supports which of the following statements?
A) Nicolas Appert’s most important contribution to canning industry is that air causes food to spoil.
B) Nicolas Appert was the first person to preserve foods in jars.
C) Nicolas Appert learned from the primitive men the method of preserving food.
D) To preserve foods Nicolas Appert put them into sealed jars to let them dry up.
这是个比较典型的推理题。B项的陈述我们在原文中找不到推断的依据,C项的表述与原文提供的事实相反。文中告诉我们原始人靠风干(drying)保存食物,D项只是部分正确,而且有悖于常识。只有A项表达的结论在文中能够找到依据:… he could preserve certain foods by sealing them in jars and keeping the air from them.此句的内容为“结果”,A项表达的意义为“原因”,这样两者间就有了联系。
在判断推论题时,对解题线索中的关键词语的理解也非常重要。例如:
By the late nineteenth century, the focus for the engineers and builders of tunnels was beginning to shift from Europe to the United States and especially New York, where the river encircling Manhattan captured the imagination of tunnelers and challenged their ingenuity. The first to accept the challenge was a somewhat mysterious Californian named DeWitt Clinton Haskin, who turned up in New York in the 1870’s with a proposal to tunnel through the silt (淤泥) under the Hudson River between Manhattan and Jersey City.
Question:
What does the author imply about DeWitt Clinton Haskin’s background?
A) It did not qualify him to handle explosives.
B) It was not something people knew much about.
C) It included diverse work experiences.
D) It included many inferior projects.
在文中没有提及DeWitt Clinton Haskin的背景,只说他是加利福尼亚州人,但是词组a somewhat mysterious Californian中的mysterious是个关键词。他为什么具有神秘色彩,其原因是人们对其背景情况知之不多。这样我们就可推断出B项为正确答案。
有时考题要求考生结合整篇文章的内容作出一种合理的推断。这类题难度就更大了。如:
Some people believe that international sport creates good will between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.
One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey (曲棍球) final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of the their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’ victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: “This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”. The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.
The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there are three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American Players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.
What conclusion can be drawn from the text?
A) The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.
B) Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.
C) Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.
D) International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.
此题要求结合整篇文章内容作出推论。解答这类题时,考生既要以文中列举的事实和例证为依据,又要仔细研读相关的概括性表述,力求把握住作者对某一事物的倾向性。在此文中,作者分别举出了在奥运会曲棍球和篮球比赛中运动员不认输,不服从裁判的例证(参见文中第2、3段),并将其称为“aggressive patriotism”,这已间接地表露出了作者的倾向和态度。在文中的结尾,我们又见到了这样一句概括的表述:But in the present organization of Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.这更暗示出上述事件的发生与奥运会的组织者有密切的关系。沿着作者这个思路,考生便可顺理成章地作出这样的推论:The organization of Olympic Games must be improved.
12. 阅读理解推断题中的词汇题的解答方法是什么?
推断题还包括对文章中某些关键词词义的推断和对一些生僻词词义的推测,例如:
If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won’t bother to assist, taxidrivers growl at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.
Question:
What is the possible meaning of the word “deterioration” in the text?
A) worsening of general situation
B) lowering of moral standards
C) declining of physical constitution
D) spreading of evil conduct
文中的deterioration是个冷僻词,但是它前面的修饰限制词such能够成为推断该词词义的上下文线索。Such deterioration是复指上文中曾涉及的内容。往前寻找,我们看到的是,售货员、出租汽车司机及汽车售票员对顾客和乘客的不礼貌的行为。这一切不良的表现都可被认为是道德水准的下降,所以B项应为正确答案。
词义型推断题所涉及的词语在文章中并非孤立存在,其意义往往与其他词语的意义、与它所处的语境有密切联系,因此在解答这类题时要学会充分利用上下文线索。常见的上下文线索有:
1) 同位语或同位结构
在一个句子中,有时两个或两个以上的词构成同位关系,其意义大体相同或相近,或具有一定的联系。这种关系一般用逗句或破折号表示,例如:
The invention of snorkel, a long air tube that reaches up to the surface, had made it possible for submarine to use their diesel engine even when they are submerged.
句中的snorkel对部分读者来说是生词,可幸的是,该词其后的“a long air tube … to the surface”是它的同位结构,详细地解释了snorkel的意义。
2) 同义词线索
It is difficult to list all of my father’s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.
从状语从句中的talents和abilities可以猜测attributes这一生词的意义。
3) 反义、转折意义的线索
通过反义词或转折信息词如:but, unlike, yet, however, 考生可猜测出某些生词的意义。
Unlike the United States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan’s population is quite homogeneous.
句中的unlike是反义词线索,它表明different nationalities和homogeneous形成反义,如果我们不清楚homogeneous的意义,完全可借助其反义词将其推断出来。
4) 例证线索
当作者在句中使用了一个比较冷僻的词后,他通常要在下文中举例说明,使词义具体易懂。考生应利用for example, for instance等语境线索,找到例证。例如:
Many United Nations employees are polyglots, Mr. Simson, for example, speak five languages fluently.
第二个分句为例证,为我们大致理解polyglots的意义提供了依据,意为“通晓多种语言的人”。
13. 通过哪类句子把握阅读理解文章中的重要信息?
1) 主旨句
这里所涉及的主旨句指的是陈述文章的中心议题的句子,包括命题和结论。就其出现的位置而言,主旨句往往出现在文章的第一段(提出问题)或(和)最后一段(结论),但也不尽然。
2) 主题句
这里所涉及的主题句指的是陈述每个主要方面的论据的句子。它说明作者从哪(些)方面来阐述自己提出的问题,如果说主旨句是龙头龙尾,主题句就是支持龙身每个部位的骨骼。
主题句往往出现在段首或段尾或同时出现在段首与段尾,但也不尽然。
3) 承上启下句
在英语阅读理解的文章中,这种句子往往位于第二段以后的段落的段首,是某段的第一句,句子经常是由前后两部分组成。它的作用是总结上一段并提出本段要说明的问题。
4) 反复陈述观点的句子
为了准确无误地将自己的观点传达给读者,作者往往会有意识地从不同角度在文中反复陈述某个观点。考生应该把反复陈述的观点当作关键句子来把握,并学会利用句与句之间的说明与被说明关系把握它的确切意思。
句与句之间可以是解释与被解释的关系或说明与被说明的关系。所采取的方式包括:
抽象陈述←→抽象地重述这一道理
具体陈述←→抽象陈述
抽象陈述←→举例陈述
正面陈述←→反面陈述
这里,使用双向箭头以示以下两点:
①前后两句是相互解释的。因此,理解了其一就等于了解了其二。这提示广大考生切勿一味地“抠”某个句子的意思,尤其是当遇到疑难时,而要有意识地在上下文中寻找全面理解句子的线索。
②两句的位置是不定的,可进行位置上的互换,例如:有时正面陈述位于反面陈述之前,有时正面陈述位于反面陈述之后。
5)转折句
转折句往往是作者观点的直接表达,而且即使含有转折的句子不是主旨句或主题句,它也经常成为考试提问的大焦点;另外,虽然有的句子不含有转折词,但是它们和上一句实际上存在着转折关系,请考生对这类句子更要格外当心。
6) 其他类型的重要句子
其他传达重要信息的句子,例如:含有最高级意思(并非仅仅指含有most 等措辞)的句子、强调句、倒装句、总结概括句、表达观点的句子等等。
14. 把握住主旨句、主题句和表达重要信息的句子有什么好处?
1)加快阅读速度。在利用充分的注意力把握文章的整体推理的前提下,考生可以加快细节阅读的速度;
2)明确充分地了解作者的观点和态度;
3)抓住了推理过程可以帮助考生做题时迅速回查相关部分的信息点,而且更重要的是:局部的观察与理解不会孤立地进行;
4)可以做出有理有据的判断和引申;
5)考生不必再惧怕生词或超纲词汇。生词总是会遇到的,但抓住了每篇文章的推理,生词所产生的障碍就会相对减小,例如:抓住了提出的问题可以帮助考生理解结论部分及主题的措辞,反之亦然:抓住了主题可以帮助考生理解支持主题的细节,等等。
15. 考研阅读命题思路的变化及对策是什么?
1) 阅读理解文章题材更新,时效性更强
考研阅读理解文章的题材涉及面广,即涵盖崭新的领域和学科,又包含经济、文化、科技等诸多方面的社会热点。例如,2003年考研英语阅读第二篇文章谈论互联网对情报行业的影响,介绍了网络间谍行业(online espionage)这一新兴行业,并且以straitford公司为例说明网络间谍的具体运作。2002年考研英语阅读的第三篇文章谈论人工智能(artificial intelligence),介绍有关人工智能的发展,以及机器人和人类在智能方面的差异。
对策:相应阅读一些谈论近年来科技发展的科普文章,比如结合今年的禽流感(bird flu)了解流行病对动物及人类社会诸多方面的影响(包括健康、价值观、经济、生活方式等);结合网络安全性(计算机病毒传播)了解网络安全对人类社会的影响;其它如纳米材料、智能建筑等等。考生通过有意识的阅读这些文章来增加和丰富自己的背景知识。
2) 涉及人文科学内容的文章比重在逐步增加
涉及人文科学内容的文章主要是以报刊评论或专栏文章的形式出现。但是大部考生对这种体裁的文章比较陌生,不能准确地理解和体会作者的真正观点和意图,导致阅读理解丢分较多。例如,2003年考研英语阅读的第二篇文章讲述动物权利倡导者在不了解生物学实质的情况下却号召公众阻挠生物学研究。原文作者对此提出科学家应该采用更人性化的语言与公众进行沟通,消除公众对生物医学研究的迷惑。2002年考研英语阅读的第一篇文章则谈论在讲话中如何使用幽默才能达到预期的效果。
对策:有意识地阅读一些西方报刊评论或专栏文章,如Economist, Businessweekly, Time 等或者浏览Yahoo, NYTIMES等新闻类网站以熟悉该类文章的行文方式和论证手法。
3) 阅读题目向组合题型发展
与历年相比而言,近两年(尤其是2003年和2004年)许多阅读题目向着组合题型方向发展,也就是说,一道题目同时考察若干阅读技能。考查内容不仅仅停留在文字的表层含义上,而是更加重点考查考生对文章深层含义的理解,以及对文章总体结构和论证过程的认识。例如2003年考研阅读第一篇文章的第二题 (Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ______.)和第二篇文章第一题(The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to _____.)就都同时考查了“理解主旨要义”和“理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的相互关系”这两种能力。2003年考研阅读第二篇文章的第三题(The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s _____.)和第四篇文章的第二题(The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that _____.)就都同时考查了“理解主旨要义”和“区分论点和论据”这两种能力。2003年第四篇文章的第四题(In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care _____.)同时考查了“理解主旨要义”和“理解作者的意图、观点或态度”这两种能力。令人遗憾的是,许多考生一方面在阅读时往往只盯住细节,缺乏对文章整体结构的把握,对作者的态度、观点和意图不清楚;另一方面在解题时仍然沿用过去的单一能力解题思路,缺乏对两种能力组合的把握和运用,导致阅读理解部分得分偏低,失去闯关的机会。
对策一:读完文章一定做“三问”
考生读完文章后,一定要利用一到两分钟的时间,回答下列三个问题:
① 所读文章的主要内容或关键词是什么?
② 文章作者的大致态度和观点是什么?
③ 所读文章的叙述或论证结构是什么?
回答“三问”能够使考生更加全面深入、准确地理解所读文章,做到“又见树木,又见森林”。
对策二:解题时多从整体和全局考虑
就组合型题目而言,考生不仅要回到文章中用细节性信息确认答案,而且要根据“三问”的结论进一步确定答案的正确性。
4) 词汇的一词多义和派生词现象愈加普遍
① 词汇的一词多义现象
一方面是词汇的同词性多义,例如2003年考研英语阅读第一篇文章中的intelligence一词,如果将该词理解为“智力”或“聪明”而不是“情报”,整篇文章将无法理解。2002年考研英语阅读第一篇文章中的sympathy一词,如果理解为“同情”而不是“赞同”,就会导致考生选择错误的选项;另一方面是词汇的词性转换,例如名词变动词,2003年考研英语阅读第一篇文章中的vacuum为动词,其含义是“收集、仔细搜索”,而不是“真空吸尘器”。
② 词汇的派生词现象
一方面是已知词汇的词性变化,例如已知名词变化为形容词,(challenge→unchallenged, gene→genetical),已知动词转化为名词(ship→shipper, tell→teller);另一方面是在已知的词汇上加前后缀来构成新词(information→misinformation, charge→overcharged, fund→overfund)。除此之外还有一部分是合成词(stakeholder, point-and-click, off-the-cuff)。
对策一:利用真题文章复习考研词汇
考生应该在阅读理解时记单词,而不应该枯燥孤立地记单词。考生应该把考研词汇的每一个意思和阅读理解的上下文结合起来。例如:在考研阅读涉及的经济类文章里,有论述合并(merger)的文章,2003年考研英语阅读的第三篇(美国铁路行业并购及带来的影响),2001年考研英语阅读的第四篇(全球并购热潮),上述两篇文章主题内容相近。如果考生在复习时能够把这些词汇和文章的内容结合起来记,找出词汇的使用规律,下一次读到与合并(merger)相关的文章时,就能迅速地理解原文并且准确回答相关问题,冲击考研阅读的高分。
对策二:一定要以真题为中心复习
很多考生喜欢做模拟题,但令人遗憾的是,不少模拟题共同的、最显著的特点是故意提高文章的词汇量来提高题目难度,狠狠打击考生的自信心。这种做法与真题的命题思路恰恰大相径庭。真题的超纲词汇在大纲中有明确规定,既小于3%。在有限的时间内,考生应该对真题中出现的一些高频词汇进行仔细认真的记忆和学习,只有这样,才会战无不胜。
总而言之,在考研复习的关键时刻,考生应该重点了解掌握命题专家的最新思路变化,每次阅读时一定坚持做到以下三点:
① 有意识地阅读一些科普类文章、报刊评论以及专栏文章;
② 始终坚持读完文章做“三问”的习惯,解题时侧重全局考虑;
③ 毫不动摇地以真题为中心复习、记忆、掌握考研词汇。