1. c 在字母e,i,y前读/s/,如cell,cit'y,cyst; 其余情况下读/K/,如cat,club,code.
2. g 在字母e,i,y前读/ʤ/,如gene,gin,gym; 其余情况下读/g/,如beg, golf, game.
3. s 多数情况下读/s/,如six,desk,yes; 有时读/z/,如is,his,vis'it(读/z/时可下画一条横线)。
4. x 处于两元音字母之间,且其后元音重读时,读/gz/,如exist'; 其余情况下读/ks/,如six, next, excuse'.
5. q 读/k/,如Iräq', NASDAQ (股票名); 常与字母u用在一起, qu 读/kw/, 如 quick, ques'tion.
1. ch, tch 读/ʧ/,如Chi'na, much;catch, match
2. ph, gh 读 /f/,如pho'to, phone
3. sh 读 /ʃ/,如shape, she, short, fish
4. th 多数情况下读/θ/,如 three, third 但有时读/ð/ ,如 that, than, with.(读/ð/时可下画一线).
5. wh 在字母o前读/h/,如 who, whom, whose(其中的字母o读/u:/) ; 其余情况下读/w/,如which,when,why.
6. dg, dj 读/ʤ/,如judge,lodg'ing;adjust',ad'jective.
7. n 在和字母g构成字母组合时,以及处于读/g/或/k/的字母前(如c, g, k等)读/ŋ/。如 long,thing,length;un'cle,zinc;an'gry,fin'ger;drink,think,thank.
8. gu 在元音前读/g/,如guess,guide,guest;在字母n后读/gw/,如lan'guage, distin'guish,lin'guist. 字母n因为处于/g/音前而读/ŋ/.
9. 两个读同一个音的字母并列时,只读一个,如lit'tle,miss,hill,hob'by;
英语中有四类重读音节:闭音节,开音节,r音节,re音节。
1. 闭音节 指以辅音字母结尾的音节。
元音字母 a,e,i(y),o,u 在重读闭音节中分别读 /æ//e//i//ɔ//ʌ/ ,如 hand, help,lip,gym,hot,club.
2. 开音节 指以元音字母、‘元音字母+哑e’或‘一个辅音字母+哑e’结尾的音节。 后者也叫约定开音节.
元音字母 a,e,i(y),o,u 在重读开音节中分别读/ei//i://ai//ǝu//ju:/ (即读字母名称,但y读/ai/)。如:
a,face,make,age; he,mete, see,eve; I,hi,by,bye,time,type; go, home,stone,toe; cube,tube,use.
但字母u 在字母 j,l,r 后,读/u:/,不读/ju:/,如 June,blue,rule.
3. r音节 指以字母r或‘r +辅音字母’结尾的音节。
在r音节中:ar 读/ɑ:/, or 读/ɔ:/,er, ir, yr, ur 都读/ǝ:/。 如:arm,far,start,large,Marx;or,for,cord,or'der; verb,her,servesir,first,dirt'y,cir'cle,myr'tle; hurt,nurse,return'
注1. 双r前的音节,是闭音节,不是r音节。如:car'ry,mar'ry,ber'ry,mir'ror,sor'ry,hur'ry. 注2. 在/w/音后,ar读/ɔ:/, 如 war,warm,warn;or读/ǝ:/, 如 word,work,world,worse.
4. re音节 指元音字母与 re 结合而成的音节。
在re音节中:are读/eǝ/,ere读/iǝ/,ire,yre读/aiǝ/,ore读/ ɔ:/, ure读/ juǝ/。如: care,dare,rare,hare,prepare';here,mere,severe';fire,wire,tire,entire',tyre; more,fore,core,before'; cure,pure,endure'
1. a, o, u 读/ǝ/,如 Chi'na, sec'ond, dif'ficult.
2. e, i, y 读/i/,如 result',vic'tim,hap'py.
3. ar, er, ir, or, ur, yr 读/ǝ/,如 gram'mar,let'ter,circum'ference,doc'tor,mur'mur,mar'tyr,east'ern.
4. o, u 处于词末时分别读/ǝu/,/ju:/(即不弱化,按重读音节规则读)。 如 car'go, Ne'gro;men'u.
5. u 在多音节词中,紧邻重读音节时,读/ju/(即轻度弱化)。如reg'ular,pop'ular,mon'ument.
6. y 在多音节动词词末不弱化,读/ai/。如:sat'isfy,mal'tiply,oc'cupy
1. au,aw 读/ɔ:/,如 cause, au'ral, launch, sauce, law, dawn.
2. eu,ew(iew)读/ju:/,如 neu'tral, deuce;new, view, review'.
3. ou,ow 读/au/,如 house, loud;how,now, down.
4. ai,ay 读/ei/,如 wait, aid;day, may.
5. ei,ey 读/ei/,如 veil, weig̣ht;grey, they, convey'
6. oi,oy 读/ɔi/,如 choice, oil;boy, toy.
7. ea,ee 读/ i:/,如 eat, cheap;deep, need.
8. ie,(c)ei 读/i:/,如 field, believe';receive', ceil'ing.
9. oa 读/ǝu/,如 road, soap, boat.
10. ue 读/ju:/,如 Tues’day, val'ue, pursue'.
11. air,aer 读/eə/,如 air,fair; aer'ial, aer'oplaneˌ.
12. ear,eer 读/iə/如 ear, clear;beer, deer.
13. our 读/auə/如 our, sour, ḥour.
14. oo 1.读/u/: 在字母k前(book,look,took)和在good,foot,stood,wood,wool 及其派生词(good'ness,foot'ball,wool'en等)中读/u/。2.读/u:/: 在其余情况下读/u:/,如: cool,food,loose,room,zoo. 3.读/ʌ /: 在flood,blood及其派生词(flood'ing,blood'less等)中读/ʌ /.
15. igh 读/ai/,如 high, light, might, night.
16. augh,ough 读/ɔ:/,如 daugh'ter, caught, taught;ought,fought, thought。
17. oul 在 could,should,would 中读/u/。
1. a 在后缀-ace,-ade,-age,-ate中读/i/,如 pal'ace,com'rade,vil'lage,ac'curate.
2. e 在后缀-el,-en,-ent,-ence,-ency中读/ə/,如cru'el,o’pen,stu'dent,si'lence,flu'ency.
3. i 在后缀-ible中读/ə/, 如 pos'sible.
4. ai,ay,ei,ey 在非重读音节中一般弱读为/i/,如moun'tain,Fri'day,for'feit,val'ley.
5. -ful 读/ful/,如 help'ful, harm'ful, use'ful.
6. -gue 读/g/,如 di'alogue, cat'alogue.
7. -que 读/k/,如 cheque, pic'turesque'.
8. -ous 读/əs/,如 fa'mous, gen'erous, nerv'ous.
9. -our 读/ə/,如 fa'vour, h̩on'our, la'bour.
10. -ure 读/ə/,如 fig'ure, in'jure. 但在fail'ure中读/jə/.
11. -ow 读/əu/,如 win'dow, yel'low, pil'low.
12. -ture 读/ʧə/,如 pic'ture, cul'ture, fur'niture.
13. -sure 在元音字母后读/ʒə/,如 clo'sure, expo'sure.
在辅音字母后读/ʃə/,如 pres'sure,flex'ure(x=ks).
14. -ion 读/ən/, 如 fash'ion, cu̇sh'ion.
15. -tion 读/ʃən/ 如 na'tion, produc'tion, solu'tion.
16. -stion 读/sʧən/ , 如 ques'tion, suges'tion, diges'tion.
17. -sion 在元音字母后读/ʒən/,如 vĭ'sion, occa'sion, divĭ'sion;
在辅音字母后读/ʃən/,如 discus'sion,impres'sion,expan'sion.
18.-ce,-ci,-si,-ti,-xi 在字母 a,e,o 前读/ʃ/,如: o'cean; so'cial;A'sia;par'tial; Egyp'tian;suffĭ'cient;pa'tient;prĕ'cious;Rus'sian;an'xious.
19. -i 在字母 d,t,n,l 后,且在元音字母前,读/j/。如 au'dience,fron'tier,opin'ion,famil'ĭar.
20. -ed(过去式后缀)
在清辅音后读 /t/,如:worked, jumped, missed.
在浊辅音和元音后读 /d/,如:robbed, begged;played,stud'ied.
在字母d,t 后读 /id/,如:need'ed, plänt'ed.
21. -(e)s(名词或动词词尾)
在清辅音后读 /s/,如:desks, lamps, looks.
在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,如:pigs, pens, plays, goes.
在/ʤ,ʧ,ʃ,z,s/等音后读/iz/,如:urg'es, watch'es, wish'es, rīs'es, fac'es.