Multimedia Standards Introduction——标准发布之ISO MPEGx
MPEG standards(Moving Picture Experts Group)
The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is a working group of experts that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards for audioand video compression and transmission.[1] It was established in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) and Leonardo Chiariglione,[2] group Chair since its inception. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada.[3][4][5] As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. MPEG's official designation is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG11 – Coding of moving pictures and audio(ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 11).[6][7][8][9]
可以看到，MPEG组织是 ISO下辖的第1联合技术委员会下面的第29子委会，第11号工作组。
Standards
The MPEG standards consist of different Parts. Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification. [14] The standards also specify Profiles and Levels. Profiles are intended to define a set of tools that are available, and Levels define the range of appropriate values for the properties associated with them. [15] Some of the approved MPEG standards were revised by later amendments and/or new editions. MPEG has standardized the following compression formats and ancillary standards:• MPEG-1 (1993): Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s (ISO/IEC 11172). The first MPEG compression standard for audio and video. It is commonly limited to about 1.5 Mbit/s although the specification is capable of much higher bit rates. It was basically designed to allow moving pictures and sound to be encoded into the bitrate of a Compact Disc. It is used on Video CD and can be used for low-quality video on DVD Video. It was used in digital satellite/cable TV services before MPEG-2 became widespread. To meet the low bit requirement, MPEG-1 downsamples the images, as well as uses picture rates of only 24–30 Hz, resulting in a moderate quality. [16] It includes the popular MPEG-1 Audio Layer III ( MP3) audio compression format.
• MPEG-2 (1995): Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information (ISO/IEC 13818). Transport, video and audio standards for broadcast-quality television. MPEG-2 standard was considerably broader in scope and of wider appeal – supporting interlacing and high definition. MPEG-2 is considered important because it has been chosen as the compression scheme for over-the-air digital television ATSC, DVB and ISDB, digital satellite TV services like Dish Network, digital cable television signals, SVCD and DVD Video. [16] It is also used on Blu-ray Discs, but these normally use MPEG-4 Part 10 or SMPTE VC-1 for high-definition content.
• MPEG-3: MPEG-3 dealt with standardizing scalable and multi-resolution compression [16] and was intended for HDTV compression but was found to be redundant and was merged with MPEG-2, as a result there is no MPEG-3 standard. [16] [17] MPEG-3 is not to be confused with MP3, which is MPEG-1 Audio Layer III
• MPEG-4 (1998): Coding of audio-visual objects. (ISO/IEC 14496) MPEG-4 uses further coding tools with additional complexity to achieve higher compression factors than MPEG-2. [18] In addition to more efficient coding of video, MPEG-4 moves closer to computer graphics applications. In more complex profiles, the MPEG-4 decoder effectively becomes a rendering processor and the compressed bitstream describes three-dimensional shapes and surface texture. [18] MPEG-4 supports Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP), which provides the facility to use proprietary technologies to manage and protect content like digital rights management. [19] It also supports MPEG-J, a fully programmatic solution for creation of custom interactive multimedia applications ( Java application environment with a Java API) and many other features. [20] [21] [22] Several new higher-efficiency video standards (newer than MPEG-2 Video) are included, notably:• MPEG-4 Part 2 (or Simple and Advanced Simple Profile) and
• MPEG-4 AVC (or MPEG-4 Part 10 or H.264 ). MPEG-4 AVC may be used on HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs , along with VC-1 and MPEG-2.
MPEG-4 has been chosen as the compression scheme for over-the-air in Brazil (ISDB-TB), based on original digital television from Japan (ISDB-T). [23]
In addition, the following standards, while not sequential advances to the video encoding standard as with MPEG-1 through MPEG-4, are referred to by similar notation:
• MPEG-7 (2002): Multimedia content description interface. (ISO/IEC 15938)
• MPEG-21 (2001): Multimedia framework (MPEG-21). (ISO/IEC 21000) MPEG describes this standard as a multimedia framework and provides for intellectual property management and protection.
Moreover, more recently than other standards above, MPEG has started following international standards; each of the standards holds multiple MPEG technologies for a way of application. [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] (For example, MPEG-A includes a number of technologies on multimedia application format.)
• MPEG-A (2007): Multimedia application format (MPEG-A). (ISO/IEC 23000) (e.g., Purpose for multimedia application formats, [29] MPEG music player application format, MPEG photo player application format and others)
• MPEG-B (2006): MPEG systems technologies. (ISO/IEC 23001) (e.g., Binary MPEG format for XML, [30] Fragment Request Units, Bitstream Syntax Description Language (BSDL) and others)
• MPEG-C (2006): MPEG video technologies. (ISO/IEC 23002) (e.g., Accuracy requirements for implementation of integer-output 8x8 inverse discrete cosine transform [31] and others)
• MPEG-D (2007): MPEG audio technologies. (ISO/IEC 23003) (e.g., MPEG Surround, [32] SAOC-Spatial Audio Object Coding and USAC- Unified Speech and Audio Coding)
• MPEG-E (2007): Multimedia Middleware. (ISO/IEC 23004) (a.k.a. M3W) (e.g., Architecture, [33] Multimedia application programming interface (API), Component model and others)
• Supplemental media technologies (2008). (ISO/IEC 29116) Part 1: Media streaming application format protocols will be revised in MPEG-M; Part 4 – MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols. [34]
• MPEG-V (2011): Media context and control. (ISO/IEC 23005) (a.k.a. Information exchange with Virtual Worlds) [35] [36] (e.g., Avatar characteristics, Sensor information, Architecture [37] [38] and others)
• MPEG-M (2010): MPEG eXtensible Middleware (MXM). (ISO/IEC 23006) [39] [40] [41] (e.g., MXM architecture and technologies, [42] API, MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols [43])
• MPEG-U (2010): Rich media user interfaces. (ISO/IEC 23007) [44] [45] (e.g., Widgets)
• MPEG-H (2013): High Efficiency Coding and Media Delivery in Heterogeneous Environments. (ISO/IEC 23008) Part 1 – MPEG media transport; Part 2 – High Efficiency Video Coding; Part 3 – 3D Audio.
• MPEG-DASH (2012): Information technology – Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH). (ISO/IEC 23009) Part 1 – Media presentation description and segment formats
| Acronym for a group of standards | Title | ISO/IEC standards | First public release date (First edition) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPEG-1 | Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media. Commonly limited to about 1.5 Mbit/s although specification is capable of much higher bit rates | ISO/IEC 11172 | 1993 | |
| MPEG-2 | Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information | ISO/IEC 13818 | 1995 | |
| MPEG-3 | abandoned, incorporated into MPEG-2 | |||
| MPEG-4 | Coding of audio-visual objects | ISO/IEC 14496 | 1999 | |
| MPEG-7 | Multimedia content description interface | ISO/IEC 15938 | 2002 | |
| MPEG-21 | Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) | ISO/IEC 21000 | 2001 | |
| MPEG-A | Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) | ISO/IEC 23000 | 2007 | |
| MPEG-B | MPEG systems technologies | ISO/IEC 23001 | 2006 | |
| MPEG-C | MPEG video technologies | ISO/IEC 23002 | 2006 | |
| MPEG-D | MPEG audio technologies | ISO/IEC 23003 | 2007 | |
| MPEG-E | Multimedia Middleware | ISO/IEC 23004 | 2007 | |
| (none) | Supplemental media technologies | ISO/IEC 29116 | 2008 | will be revised in MPEG-M Part 4 – MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocols |
| MPEG-V | Media context and control | ISO/IEC 23005[37] | 2011 | |
| MPEG-M | MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) | ISO/IEC 23006[42] | 2010 | |
| MPEG-U | Rich media user interfaces | ISO/IEC 23007[44] | 2010 | |
| MPEG-H | High Efficiency Coding and Media Delivery in Heterogeneous Environments | (planned ISO/IEC 23008) | Under development | |
| MPEG-DASH | Information technology – DASH | ISO/IEC 23009 | 2012 |
MPEG Format is used on several media.
External Link: http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/
Diagrams show the different between two standards
ITU
| ITU | ||
|---|---|---|
| Standards Name | Approval/Complete Year | Remarks |
| H.261 | 1988 | First video codec that was useful in practical terms. And H.261 was the first standard in which the macroblock concept appeared. It's a huge success for H.261 so later standards are all based on the main frame of H.261. |
| H.262 | 1994 | First digital video compression and encoding standard developed and maintained jointly by ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). It is the second part of the ISO/IEC MPEG-2 standard. |
| H.263 | 1996 | H.263 is widely used on the Internet and thanks to the 3GPP H.263 became a required video codec in ETSI 3GPP technical specifications |
| H.263+ | 1998 | A.K.A H.263v2, It enhanced H.263 capabilities by adding several annexes which can substantially improve encoding efficiency and provide other capabilities (such as enhanced robustness against data loss in the transmission channel) |
| H.264 | 2003 | H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is a block-oriented motion-compensation-based codec standard developed by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) together with the ISO/IEC JTC1Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). It's the most commonly used format for recording/compression/distribution of high definition video. |
MPEG
| Acronym for a group of standards | Title | ISO/IEC standards | First public release date (First edition) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPEG-1 | Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media. Commonly limited to about 1.5 Mbit/s although specification is capable of much higher bit rates | ISO/IEC 11172 | 1993 | |
| MPEG-2 | Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information | ISO/IEC 13818 | 1995 | |
| MPEG-3 | abandoned, incorporated into MPEG-2 | |||
| MPEG-4 | Coding of audio-visual objects | ISO/IEC 14496 | 1999 | |
| MPEG-7 | Multimedia content description interface | ISO/IEC 15938 | 2002 | |
| MPEG-21 | Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) | ISO/IEC 21000 | 2001 |