《The 3G IP MultiMedia Subsystem -- merging the INTERNET and the cellular worlds》

  • IMS以其业务、控制、承载完全分离的水平架构,集中的用户属性和接入无关等特性,一方面解决了目前软交换技术还无法解决的问题,如用户移动性支持、标准开放的业务接口、灵活的IP多媒体业务提供等;另一方面,其接入无关性,也使得IMS成为固定和移动网络融合演进的基础。
  • IMS的目的是建立与接入无关、能被移动网络与固定网络共用的融合核心网。
  • the IMS is to offer Internet services everywhere and at any time using cellular technologies.IMS使用无线技术提供因特网服务



While 2G terminals can act as a modem to transmit IP packets over a circuit, 3G terminals use native packetswitched technology to perform data communications.
2G终端作为"猫“通过CS域来传输IP报文;而3G终端使用本地PS技术执行数据传输。自然3G PS域快。


那为什么要引入IMS呢?
1. Qos
单纯的PS域没有Qos保证,视频会议等无法开展;
2. charging
丰富计费方式,如时长计费,按次计费等等;
3.集成服务


IMS 目标提供所有INTERNET服务。


支持用户漫游情况下使用服务。


IMS用户和INTERNET用户使用相同协议。


IMS相比于CS域和单纯的PS域技术:
1.IMS 所有服务都使用PS技术,比CS快;
2.可以集成服务;
3.不依赖CS域


The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the global standard for 3G networks.


two of the standard bodies involved in IMT-2000: 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2).


Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 have standardized their own IMS.


Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)是IP相关协议的工厂。只开发用于Internet的协议。


三个主要类型的RFC;
• Standards-track RFCs.
• Non-standards-track RFCs.
• BCP (Best Current Practise) RFCs.


three levels of standards-track RFCs: proposed standard, draft standard, and Internet standard.
大部分处于第一阶段;只有经过多个实践且可以成功交互的标准才可以升级。


three types of non-standards-track RFCs: experimental, informational, and historical。


3GPP is organized in a Project Co-ordination Group (PCG) and Technical Specification Groups (TSGs), TSG由theWorking Groups组成。


TSG干具体活,共有四个:
four TSGs, responsible for the Core Network and Terminals (CT), System and Services Aspects (SA), GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), and Radio Access Network (RAN).


关键:
3GPP和3GPP2组织并不定义协议,他们只发布TS和TR文档。使用IETF定义的Internet协议。当然他们也给IETF提供需求反馈。这些合作记录在RFC 3113 [161] (3GPP-IETF) and in RFC 3131 [58] (3GPP2-IETF).


但是IETF定义的协议不是单独给3GPP和3GPP2使用的,它还会被用作INTERNET网络。


IETF目前在以下方面考虑了IMS:Internet域(IPv6和DNS域);操作和管理域(COPS (Common Open Policy Service)和Diameter);Transport域(SIP).


IETF成立了新的WG SIPPING来协助IMS,收集SIP需求,RFC 3427。


OMA组织倾向于服务的定义,和3G和IETF都有联系。


http://www.openmobilealliance.org/collaborating/ietf.html


3G的CS和PS基于GSM的CS和PS。


GSM的CS用于PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
分信号平面和媒体平面。
PSTN在引入基于智能网络IN的服务之后开始区分信号和媒体平面。
The GSM version of IN services is known as CAMEL services (Customized Applications for Mobile networks using Enhanced Logic).


In both IN and CAMEL the signaling plane follows the media plane until a point where
the call is temporarily suspended. At that point the signaling plane performs a database query
(e.g., a query for a routing number for an 800 number) and receives a response. When the
signaling plane receives the response to the query the call setup is resumed and both the
signaling plane and the media plane follow the same path until they reach the destination.


从R4开始,3GPP前进一大步,将MSC分为MSC server和媒体网关,分别处理信号和媒体平面。


IMS更进一步,只有终端需要同时处理信号和媒体平面,其他设备都只需要处理其中之一。


GSM的PS网络,作为GPRS (General Packet Radio Service,
specified in 3GPP TS 23.060)是3GPP R4 PS域的基础。允许本地PS技术访问Internet。


3GPP TS 22.228,IMS的需求,支持:
1、建立IP多媒体会话;
2、协商qos;
3、internet和CS域交互;
4、漫游;
5、Support for strong control imposed by the operator with respect to the services delivered to the end-user.
6、支持快速创建服务。
7、R6要求支持不同的接入技术;


1、多媒体会话包括音频和视频服务。但以前主要用CS网络而不是PS网络。
2、对不同用户区别对待Qos;
3、the IMS can be accessed using a WLAN (Wireless Local Access Network), an ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), an HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax),同轴电缆 or a Cable Modem.


在R5,GSM和UMTS(Universal Mobil Telecommunication
System) 先关注GPRS接入。


1、多媒体会话包括音频和视频服务。但以前主要用CS网络而不是PS网络。
2、对不同用户区别对待Qos;
3、the IMS can be accessed using a WLAN (Wireless Local Access Network), an ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), an HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax),同轴电缆 or a Cable Modem.


在R5,GSM和UMTS(Universal Mobil Telecommunication
System) 先关注GPRS接入。


一、会话控制协议:
在CS网络,最通用的会话控制协议是:TUP (Telephony User Part, ITU-T Recommendation Q.721 [130]), ISUP (ISDN User Part, ITU-T Recommendation Q.761 [139]), and the more modern BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control, ITU-T Recommendation Q.1901 [140]).


Bearer Independent Call Control (BICC)区分信号和媒体平面,支持运行于IP, SS7 (Signaling System No. 7, ITU-T Recommendation Q.700 [134]), or ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).


H.323 (ITU-T Recommendation H.323 [145])用于建立多媒体会话,支持IP技术。


SIP (Session Initiation Protocol, RFC 3261 [215]): specified by the IETF as a protocol to establish and manage multimedia sessions over IP networks。SIP继承了SMTP和HTTP的设计理念,不区分Userto-Network Interface (UNI) from a Network-to-Network Interface (NNI).是一种基于文本的协议。
恭喜,SIP协议胜出,被IMS采用!!!
因为它容易扩展!


SIP service developers can use all the service frameworks developed for HTTP, such as CGI (Common Gateway Interface) and Java servlets.???
恭喜Diameter被选为IMS的AAA协议。
其他IMS采用的协议:
1. COPS(Common Open Policy Service) 协议 (specified in RFC 2748 [85]) is used to transfer
policies between PDPs (Policy Decision Points) and PEPs (Policy Enforcement Points).


2. H.248 (ITU-T Recommendation H.248 [143]) and its packages 被用于信号平面控制媒体平面设备(如媒体网关控制器控制媒体网关). H.248 被ITU-T and IETF 联合开发,也称作MEGACO (MEdia GAteway COntrol) protocol.


3. RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol, defined in RFC 3550 [225]) and RTCP (RTP Control Protocol, defined in RFC 3550 [225] as well) are used to transport real-time media, such as video and audio.
重点:3GPP不对设备进行标准化,其标准化“功能”。可以多个设备实现一个功能,也可以一个设备实现多个功能!!!
3GPP TS 23.002 [28] to find a complete list of all the
interfaces.

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