目录: 一.Nginx 基础知识 2.Nginx的优点 3.FastCGI,简单的负载均衡和容错. 4.模块化的结构。包括gzipping, byte ranges, chunked responses, 以及 SSI-filter等filter。如果由FastCGI或其它代理服务器处理单页中存在的多个SSI,则这项处理可以并行运行,而不需要相互等待。 5.支持SSL 和 TLS SNI. 二. Nginx 安装配置 1.安装pcre代码:
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./configure
make && make install cd ../ 3.nginx 编译安装代码:
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./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/nginx/ --with-http_stub_status_module --with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl
make && make install 更详细的模块定制与安装请参照官方wiki. 三. Nginx Rewrite 1.Nginx Rewrite 基本标记(flags)复制内容到剪贴板代码:last - 基本上都用这个Flag。
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* ~ 为区分大小写匹配
* ~* 为不区分大小写匹配 * !~和!~*分别为区分大小写不匹配及不区分大小写不匹配 3. 文件及目录匹配,其中:代码:
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* -f和!-f用来判断是否存在文件
* -d和!-d用来判断是否存在目录 * -e和!-e用来判断是否存在文件或目录 * -x和!-x用来判断文件是否可执行
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$args
$content_length $content_type $document_root $document_uri $host $http_user_agent $http_cookie $limit_rate $request_body_file $request_method $remote_addr $remote_port $remote_user $request_filename $request_uri $query_string $scheme $server_protocol $server_addr $server_name $server_port $uri 四.Nginx Redirect
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server
{ listen 80; server_name linuxtone.org abc.linuxtone.org; index index.html index.php; root /data/www/wwwroot; if ($http_host !~ "^www\.linxtone\.org$") { rewrite ^(.*) http://www.linuxtone.org$1 redirect; }
........................ } 五.Nginx 目录自动加斜线:代码:
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if (-d $request_filename){
rewrite ^/(.*)([^/])$ http://$host/$1$2/ permanent; } 六.Nginx 防盗链代码:
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#Preventing hot linking of images and other file types
location ~* ^.+\.(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv|rar|zip)$ { valid_referers none blocked server_names *.linuxtone.org http://localhost baidu.com; if ($invalid_referer) { rewrite ^/ ; # return 403; } } 七.Nginx expires
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# Add expires header for static content
location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ { if (-f $request_filename) { root /data/www/wwwroot/bbs; expires 1d; break; } }
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# serve static files
location ~ ^/(images|javascript|js|css|flash|media|static)/ { root /data/www/wwwroot/down; expires 30d; } 八.Nginx 访问控制
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#cd /usr/local/nginx/conf
#mkdir htpasswd /usr/local/apache2/bin/htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd/tongji linuxtone #添加用户名为linuxtone New password: (此处输入你的密码) Re-type new password: (再次输入你的密码) Adding password for user http://count.linuxtone.org/tongji/data/index.html(目录存在/data/www/wwwroot/tongji/data/目录下) 将下段配置放到虚拟主机目录,当访问http://count.linuxtone/tongji/即提示要密验证: location ~ ^/(tongji)/ { root /data/www/wwwroot/count; auth_basic "LT-COUNT-TongJi"; auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/htpasswd/tongji; }
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location ~* \.(txt|doc)$ {
if (-f $request_filename) { root /data/www/wwwroot/linuxtone/test; break; } } 方法2:代码:
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location ~* \.(txt|doc)${
root /data/www/wwwroot/linuxtone/test; deny all; } 禁止访问某个目录代码:
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location ~ ^/(WEB-INF)/ {
deny all; }
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location / {
deny 192.168.1.1; allow 192.168.1.0/24; allow 10.1.1.0/16; deny all; } 详细参见wiki: http://wiki.codemongers.com/NginxHttpAccessModule#allow
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limit_zone one $binary_remote_addr 10m;
server { listen 80; server_name down.linuxotne.org; index index.html index.htm index.php; root /data/www/wwwroot/down; #Zone limit location / { limit_conn one 1; limit_rate 20k; } .......... }
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location / {
autoindex on; } 九.Nginx Location 1.基本语法:[和上面rewrite正则匹配语法基本一致]代码:
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location [=|~|~*|^~] /uri/ { … }
* ~ 为区分大小写匹配 * ~* 为不区分大小写匹配 * !~和!~*分别为区分大小写不匹配及不区分大小写不匹配 示例1:代码:
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location = / {
# matches the query / only. # 只匹配 / 查询。 } 匹配任何查询,因为所有请求都已 / 开头。但是正则表达式规则和长的块规则将被优先和查询匹配
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location ^~ /images/ {
# matches any query beginning with /images/ and halts searching, # so regular expressions will not be checked.# 匹配任何已 /images/ 开头的任何查询并且停止搜索。任何正则表达式将不会被测试。 示例3:代码:
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location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ {
# matches any request ending in gif, jpg, or jpeg. However, all # requests to the /images/ directory will be handled by }# 匹配任何已 gif、jpg 或 jpeg 结尾的请求。 十.Nginx 日志处理
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#contab -e
59 23 * * * /usr/local/sbin/logcron.sh /dev/null 2>&1 [root@count ~]# cat /usr/local/sbin/logcron.sh代码:
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#!/bin/bash
log_dir="/data/logs" time=`date +%Y%m%d` /bin/mv ${log_dir}/access_linuxtone.org.log ${log_dir}/access_count.linuxtone.org.$time.log kill -USR1 `cat /var/run/nginx.pid` 更多的日志分析与处理就关注(同时欢迎你参加讨论):http://bbs.linuxtone.org/forum-8-1.html
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location ~ .*\.(js|jpg|JPG|jpeg|JPEG|css|bmp|gif|GIF)$
{ access_log off; } 十一.Nginx Cache服务配置
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proxy_store on;
proxy_store_access user:rw group:rw all:rw; proxy_temp_path 缓存目录;其中, proxy_store on用来启用缓存到本地的功能, proxy_temp_path用来指定缓存在哪个目录下,如:proxy_temp_path html; 在经过上一步配置之后,虽然文件被缓存到了本地磁盘上,但每次请求仍会向远端拉取文件,为了避免去远端拉取文件,必须修改proxy_pass:代码:
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if ( !-e $request_filename) {
proxy_pass http://mysvr; } 即改成有条件地去执行proxy_pass,这个条件就是当请求的文件在本地的proxy_temp_path指定的目录下不存在时,再向后端拉取。 十二.Nginx 负载均衡 1)、轮询(默认) 每个请求按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端服务器,如果后端服务器down掉,能自动剔除。 2)、weight 指定轮询几率,weight和访问比率成正比,用于后端服务器性能不均的情况。 2)、ip_hash 每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配,这样每个访客固定访问一个后端服务器,可以解决session的问题。 3)、fair(第三方) 按后端服务器的响应时间来分配请求,响应时间短的优先分配。 4)、url_hash(第三方)
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upstream bbs.linuxtone.org {#定义负载均衡设备的Ip及设备状态
server 127.0.0.1:9090 down; server 127.0.0.1:8080 weight=2; server 127.0.0.1:6060; server 127.0.0.1:7070 backup; } 在需要使用负载均衡的server中增加代码:
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proxy_pass http://bbs.linuxtone.org/;
每个设备的状态设置为:代码:
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1.down 表示单前的server暂时不参与负载
2.weight 默认为1.weight越大,负载的权重就越大。 3.max_fails :允许请求失败的次数默认为1.当超过最大次数时,返回proxy_next_upstream 模块定义的错误 4.fail_timeout:max_fails次失败后,暂停的时间。 5.backup: 其它所有的非backup机器down或者忙的时候,请求backup机器。所以这台机器压力会最轻。nginx支持同时设置多组的负载均衡,用来给不用的server来使用。 client_body_in_file_only 设置为On 可以讲client post过来的数据记录到文件中用来做debug client_body_temp_path 设置记录文件的目录 可以设置最多3层目录 location 对URL进行匹配.可以进行重定向或者进行新的代理 负载均衡
简单的负载均等实例:
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……….
#loadblance my.linuxtone.org upstream my.linuxtone.org { ip_hash; server 127.0.0.1:8080; server 192.168.169.136:8080; server 219.101.75.138:8080; server 192.168.169.117; server 192.168.169.118; server 192.168.169.119; } ………….. include vhosts/linuxtone_lb.conf; ……… #vi proxy.conf proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; client_max_body_size 50m; client_body_buffer_size 256k; proxy_connect_timeout 30; proxy_send_timeout 30; proxy_read_timeout 60; proxy_buffer_size 4k; proxy_buffers 4 32k; proxy_busy_buffers_size 64k; proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k; proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404; proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m; proxy_store on; proxy_store_access user:rw group:rw all:r; #nginx cache client_body_temp_path /data/nginx_cache/client_body 1 2; proxy_temp_path /data/nginx_cache/proxy_temp 1 2;#vi linuxtone_lb.conf 代码:
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server
{ listen 80; server_name my.linuxtone.org; index index.php; root /data/www/wwwroot/mylinuxtone; if (-f $request_filename) { break; } if (-f $request_filename/index.php) { rewrite (.*) $1/index.php break; } error_page 403 http://my.linuxtone.org/member.php?m=user&a=login; location / { if ( !-e $request_filename) { proxy_pass http://my.linuxtone.org; break; } include /usr/local/nginx/conf/proxy.conf; } } 十三.Nginx 优化
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# cd nginx-0.6.31
# vi src/core/nginx.h #ifndef _NGINX_H_INCLUDED_ #define _NGINX_H_INCLUDED_ #define NGINX_VERSION "1.3" #define NGINX_VER "LTWS/" NGINX_VERSION #define NGINX_VAR "NGINX" #define NGX_OLDPID_EXT ".oldbin" #endif /* _NGINX_H_INCLUDED_ */ # curl -I my.linuxtone.org HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: LTWS/1.3 Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2008 02:42:51 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=gbk Transfer-Encoding: chunked Connection: keep-alive 十四.Nginx 相关参考文档 |