1. logging介绍
Python的logging模块提供了通用的日志系统,可以方便第三方模块或者是应用使用。这个模块提供不同的日志级别,并可以采用不同的方式记录日志,比如文件,HTTP GET/POST,SMTP,Socket等,甚至可以自己实现具体的日志记录方式。
logging模块与log4j的机制是一样的,只是具体的实现细节不同。模块提供logger,handler,filter,formatter。
logger:提供日志接口,供应用代码使用。logger最长用的操作有两类:配置和发送日志消息。可以通过logging.getLogger(name)获取logger对象,如果不指定name则返回root对象,多次使用相同的name调用getLogger方法返回同一个logger对象。
handler:将日志记录(log record)发送到合适的目的地(destination),比如文件,socket等。一个logger对象可以通过addHandler方法添加0到多个handler,每个handler又可以定义不同日志级别,以实现日志分级过滤显示。
filter:提供一种优雅的方式决定一个日志记录是否发送到handler。
formatter:指定日志记录输出的具体格式。formatter的构造方法需要两个参数:消息的格式字符串和日期字符串,这两个参数都是可选的。
与log4j类似,logger,handler和日志消息的调用可以有具体的日志级别(Level),只有在日志消息的级别大于logger和handler的级别。
[python] view plain copy print ?
- import logging
- import logging.handlers
-
- LOG_FILE = 'tst.log'
-
- handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(LOG_FILE, maxBytes = 1024*1024, backupCounts = 5)
- fmt = '%(asctime)s - %(filename)s:%(lineno)s - %(name)s - %(message)s'
-
- formatter = logging.Formatter(fmt)
- handler.setFormatter(formatter)
-
- logger = logging.getLogger('tst')
- logger.addHandler(handler)
- logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-
- logger.info('first info message')
- logger.debug('first debug message')
输出:
[plain] view plain copy print ?
- 2012-03-04 23:21:59,682 - log_test.py:16 - tst - first info message
- 2012-03-04 23:21:59,682 - log_test.py:17 - tst - first debug message
关于formatter的配置,采用的是%(<dict key>)s的形式,就是字典的关键字替换。提供的关键字包括:
Format |
Description |
%(name)s |
Name of the logger (logging channel). |
%(levelno)s |
Numeric logging level for the message (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL). |
%(levelname)s |
Text logging level for the message ('DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL'). |
%(pathname)s |
Full pathname of the source file where the logging call was issued (if available). |
%(filename)s |
Filename portion of pathname. |
%(module)s |
Module (name portion of filename). |
%(funcName)s |
Name of function containing the logging call. |
%(lineno)d |
Source line number where the logging call was issued (if available). |
%(created)f |
Time when the LogRecord was created (as returned by time.time()). |
%(relativeCreated)d |
Time in milliseconds when the LogRecord was created, relative to the time the logging module was loaded. |
%(asctime)s |
Human-readable time when the LogRecord was created. By default this is of the form “2003-07-08 16:49:45,896” (the numbers after the comma are millisecond portion of the time). |
%(msecs)d |
Millisecond portion of the time when the LogRecord was created. |
%(thread)d |
Thread ID (if available). |
%(threadName)s |
Thread name (if available). |
%(process)d |
Process ID (if available). |
%(message)s |
The logged message, computed as msg % args. |
这个是摘自官网,提供了很多信息。
2. logging的配置
logging的配置可以采用python代码或是配置文件。python代码的方式就是在应用的主模块中,构建handler,handler,formatter等对象。而配置文件的方式是将这些对象的依赖关系分离出来放在文件中。比如前面的例子就类似于python代码的配置方式。这里看一下采用配置文件的方式。
[python] view plain copy print ?
- import logging
- import logging.config
-
- logging.config.fileConfig("logging.conf")
-
-
- logger = logging.getLogger("simpleExample")
-
-
- logger.debug("debug message")
- logger.info("info message")
- logger.warn("warn message")
- logger.error("error message")
- logger.critical("critical message")
loggin.conf采用了模式匹配的方式进行配置,正则表达式是r'^[(.*)]$',从而匹配出所有的组件。对于同一个组件具有多个实例的情况使用逗号‘,’进行分隔。对于一个实例的配置采用componentName_instanceName配置块。使用这种方式还是蛮简单的。
[plain] view plain copy print ?
- [loggers]
- keys=root,simpleExample
-
- [handlers]
- keys=consoleHandler
-
- [formatters]
- keys=simpleFormatter
-
- [logger_root]
- level=DEBUG
- handlers=consoleHandler
-
- [logger_simpleExample]
- level=DEBUG
- handlers=consoleHandler
- qualname=simpleExample
- propagate=0
-
- [handler_consoleHandler]
- class=StreamHandler
- level=DEBUG
- formatter=simpleFormatter
- args=(sys.stdout,)
-
- [formatter_simpleFormatter]
- format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s
- datefmt=
在指定handler的配置时,class是具体的handler类的类名,可以是相对logging模块或是全路径类名,比如需要RotatingFileHandler,则class的值可以为:RotatingFileHandler或者logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler。args就是要传给这个类的构造方法的参数,就是一个元组,按照构造方法声明的参数的顺序。
输出:
[plain] view plain copy print ?
- 2012-03-06 00:09:35,713 - simpleExample - DEBUG - debug message
- 2012-03-06 00:09:35,713 - simpleExample - INFO - info message
- 2012-03-06 00:09:35,714 - simpleExample - WARNING - warn message
- 2012-03-06 00:09:35,714 - simpleExample - ERROR - error message
- 2012-03-06 00:09:35,714 - simpleExample - CRITICAL - critical message
这里还要明确一点,logger对象是有继承关系的,比如名为a.b和a.c的logger都是名为a的子logger,并且所有的logger对象都继承于root。如果子对象没有添加handler等一些配置,会从父对象那继承。这样就可以通过这种继承关系来复用配置。
3. 多模块使用logging
logging模块保证在同一个python解释器内,多次调用logging.getLogger('log_name')都会返回同一个logger实例,即使是在多个模块的情况下。所以典型的多模块场景下使用logging的方式是在main模块中配置logging,这个配置会作用于多个的子模块,然后在其他模块中直接通过getLogger获取Logger对象即可。
这里使用上面配置文件:
[plain] view plain copy print ?
- [loggers]
- keys=root,main
-
- [handlers]
- keys=consoleHandler,fileHandler
-
- [formatters]
- keys=fmt
-
- [logger_root]
- level=DEBUG
- handlers=consoleHandler
-
- [logger_main]
- level=DEBUG
- qualname=main
- handlers=fileHandler
-
- [handler_consoleHandler]
- class=StreamHandler
- level=DEBUG
- formatter=fmt
- args=(sys.stdout,)
-
- [handler_fileHandler]
- class=logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
- level=DEBUG
- formatter=fmt
- args=('tst.log','a',20000,5,)
-
- [formatter_fmt]
- format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s
- datefmt=
主模块main.py:
[python] view plain copy print ?
- import logging
- import logging.config
-
- logging.config.fileConfig('logging.conf')
- root_logger = logging.getLogger('root')
- root_logger.debug('test root logger...')
-
- logger = logging.getLogger('main')
- logger.info('test main logger')
- logger.info('start import module \'mod\'...')
- import mod
-
- logger.debug('let\'s test mod.testLogger()')
- mod.testLogger()
-
- root_logger.info('finish test...')
子模块mod.py:
[python] view plain copy print ?
- import logging
- import submod
-
- logger = logging.getLogger('main.mod')
- logger.info('logger of mod say something...')
-
- def testLogger():
- logger.debug('this is mod.testLogger...')
- submod.tst()
子子模块submod.py:
[python] view plain copy print ?
- import logging
-
- logger = logging.getLogger('main.mod.submod')
- logger.info('logger of submod say something...')
-
- def tst():
- logger.info('this is submod.tst()...')
然后运行python main.py,控制台输出:
[plain] view plain copy print ?
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,793 - root - DEBUG - test root logger...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,793 - main - INFO - test main logger
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main - INFO - start import module 'mod'...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main.mod.submod - INFO - logger of submod say something...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main.mod - INFO - logger say something...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main - DEBUG - let's test mod.testLogger()
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,825 - main.mod - DEBUG - this is mod.testLogger...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,825 - main.mod.submod - INFO - this is submod.tst()...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,841 - root - INFO - finish test...
可以看出,和预想的一样,然后在看一下tst.log,logger配置中的输出的目的地:
[plain] view plain copy print ?
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,793 - main - INFO - test main logger
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main - INFO - start import module 'mod'...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main.mod.submod - INFO - logger of submod say something...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main.mod - INFO - logger say something...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,809 - main - DEBUG - let's test mod.testLogger()
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,825 - main.mod - DEBUG - this is mod.testLogger...
- 2012-03-09 18:22:22,825 - main.mod.submod - INFO - this is submod.tst()...
tst.log中没有root logger输出的信息,因为logging.conf中配置了只有main logger及其子logger使用RotatingFileHandler,而root logger是输出到标准输出。
转自:http://blog.csdn.net/chosen0ne/article/details/7319306#t2