SQL语句整理

一、基础<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

1、说明:创建数据库

CREATE DATABASE database-name

2、说明:删除数据库

drop database dbname

3、说明:备份sql server

--- 创建备份数据的device

USE master

EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:/mssql7backup/MyNwind_1.dat'

--- 开始备份

BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack

4、说明:创建新表

create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)

根据已有的表创建新表:

Acreate table tab_new like tab_old (使用表创建)

Bcreate table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only

C: SELECT * FROM INTO new_table_name from old_table_name where columnName...

5、说明:删除新表

drop table tabname

6、说明:增加一个列

Alter table tabname add column col type

注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。

7、说明:添加主键:Alter table tabname add primary key(col)

说明:删除主键:Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)

8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....)

删除索引:drop index idxname

注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。

9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement

删除视图:drop view viewname

10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句

选择:select * from table1 where 范围

插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)

删除:delete from table1 where 范围

更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围

查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料!

排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]/[默认asc]

总数:select count(field1) as totalcount from table1

求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1

例如:如果int类型出现溢出时,则要转换数据类型方可计算:

select sum(cast(field1 as bigint)) as sumvalue from table1

平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1

最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1

最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1

11、说明:几个高级查询运算词

使用UNIONINTERSECT EXCEPT 运算符合并的所有查询必须在其目标列表中有相同数目的表达式

AUNION 运算符(合并)

UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如TABLE1 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当ALL UNION 一起使用时(即UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自TABLE1 就是来自TABLE2

BEXCEPT 运算符()

EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在TABLE1 中但不在TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当ALL EXCEPT 一起使用时(EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。

CINTERSECT 运算符 (交叉)

INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括TABLE1 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当ALL INTERSECT 一起使用时(INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。

注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。

12、说明:使用外连接

Aleft outer join

左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。

SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

Bright outer join:

右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。

Cfull outer join

全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。

二、提升

1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)

法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1

法二:select top 0 * into b from a

2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)

insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;

3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)

insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件

例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"/data.mdb" &"' where..

4、说明:子查询(表名:a 表名:b)

select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)

5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间

select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b

6、说明:外连接查询(表名:a 表名:b)

select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c

7、说明:在线视图查询(表名:a )

select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;

8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括

select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2

select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值and 数值

9、说明:in 的使用方法

select * from table1 where a [not] in ('','','','')

10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息

delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )

11、说明:四表联查问题:

select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....

12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒

SQL: select * from 日程安排where datediff('minute',fromDate,getdate())>5

DateDiff() 函数返回两个日期之间的差值

DateDiff(timeinterval,date1,date2 [, firstdayofweek [, firstweekofyear]])

允许数据类型: timeinterval 表示相隔时间的类型

timeinterval参数的设定值如下:

设置 描述
yyyy

q

m

y
一年的日数
d

w
一周的日数
ww

h

n
分钟
s

13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页

select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段from 表名order by 排序字段desc) a,表名b where b.主键字段= a.主键字段order by a.排序字段

14、说明:前条记录

select top 10 * form table1 where 范围

15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,科目成绩排名,等等.)

select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)

16说明:包括所有在TableA 中但不在TableBTableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表

(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)

17、说明:随机取出条数据

select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()

18、说明:随机选择记录

select newid()

19、说明:删除重复记录

Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)

20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名

select name from sysobjects where type='U'

21、说明:列出表里的所有的

select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')

22、说明:列示typevenderpcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case

select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type

显示结果:

type vender pcs

电脑A 1

电脑A 1

光盘B 2

光盘A 2

手机B 3

手机C 3

23、说明:初始化表table1

TRUNCATE TABLE table1

24、说明:选择从到的记录

select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名order by id desc

三、技巧

1=1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多

"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选,

如:

if @strWhere !=''

begin

set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere

end

else

begin

set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'

end

我们可以直接写成

set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定'+ @strWhere

2、收缩数据库

--重建索引

DBCC REINDEX

DBCC INDEXDEFRAG

--收缩数据和日志

DBCC SHRINKDB

DBCC SHRINKFILE

3、压缩数据库

dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)

4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限

exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'

go

5、检查备份集

RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:/dvbbs.bak'

6、修复数据库

ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER

GO

DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK

GO

ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER

GO

7、日志清除

SET NOCOUNT ON

DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,

@MaxMinutes INT,

@NewSize INT

USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名

SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名

@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.

@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)

-- Setup / initialize

DECLARE @OriginalSize int

SELECT @OriginalSize = size

FROM sysfiles

WHERE name = @LogicalFileName

SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +

CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +

CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'

FROM sysfiles

WHERE name = @LogicalFileName

CREATE TABLE DummyTrans

(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)

DECLARE @Counter INT,

@StartTime DATETIME,

@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)

SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(),

@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'

DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)

EXEC (@TruncLog)

-- Wrap the log if necessary.

WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired

AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName)

AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize

BEGIN -- Outer loop.

SELECT @Counter = 0

WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))

BEGIN -- update

INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')

DELETE DummyTrans

SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1

END

EXEC (@TruncLog)

END

SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +

CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +

CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'

FROM sysfiles

WHERE name = @LogicalFileName

DROP TABLE DummyTrans

SET NOCOUNT OFF

8、说明:更改某个表

exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'

9、存储更改全部表

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch

@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),

@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)

AS

DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)

DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)

DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)

DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR

select 'Name' = name,

'Owner' = user_name(uid)

from sysobjects

where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner

order by name

OPEN curObject

FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner

WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)

BEGIN

if @Owner=@OldOwner

begin

set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)

exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner

end

-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner

FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner

END

close curObject

deallocate curObject

GO

10SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据

declare @i int

set @i=1

while @i<30

begin

insert into test (userid) values(@i)

set @i=@i+1

end

小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数

Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)

Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)

Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0)

Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0))

Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0)

Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0))

上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段

Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)

Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)

就是表示本周时间段.

下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的:

Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)

而在存储过程中

select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)

select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)

你可能感兴趣的:(sql语句)