Android 开发中 iBeacon的使用

iBeacon的工作原理是基于Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)低功耗蓝牙传输技术,iBeacon基站不断向四周发送蓝牙信号,当智能设备进入设定区域时,就能够收到信号。只要满足iBeacon技术标准的都可以使用,所以Android也能够支持iBeacon。Google在Android4.3中支持BLE技术

定位一直是非常关键的功能。通过iBeacon基站的部署能够实现室内导航,同时通过蓝牙推送信息,iBeacon在商场零售或者一些公共服务领域如体育馆、博物馆能提供非常棒的体验。尤其是蓝牙不错传输距离、低功耗、以及信号加密使得iBeacon在移动支付领域也非常有前景。总之,iBeacon的潜力似乎是无穷大,也受到了越来越多的关注。

要了解iBeacon是如何工作首先我们要了解BLE。BLE(也称为Bluetooth Smart)最早追溯到Nokia于2006年提出的Wibree,后来融合进了蓝牙标准,成为Bluetooth4.0的一部分。目前我们经常能看到3种蓝牙设备:

  • Bluetooth:只支持传统模式的蓝牙设备
  • Bluetooth Smart Ready:支持传统和低功耗两种模式设备
  • Bluetooth Smart:只支持低功耗蓝牙设备

Android 开发中 iBeacon的使用_第1张图片

BLE与传统的蓝牙相比最大的优势是功耗降低90%,同时传输距离增大(超过100米)、安全和稳定性提高(支持AES加密和CRC验证)。iBeacon同时有一些自己的特点:

  • 无需配对,一般蓝牙设备印象中都需要配对工作。iBeacon无需配对,因为它是采用蓝牙的广播频道传送信号。
  • 程序可以后台唤醒,iBeacon的信息推送需要App支持。但是我们接收iBeacon信号无需打开App,只要保证安装了,同时手机蓝牙打开。

iBeacon是如何工作呢?实际上iBeacon基站通过蓝牙的广播频道不断向外发送位置信息,发送频率越快越耗电。也就是说iBeacon并不推送消息,而只是用于定位,推送消息的功能必须由App来完成。苹果定义了iBeacon 其中32位广播的数据格式。


  • UUID:厂商识别号
     
  • Major:相当于群组号,同一个组里Beacon有相同的Major
  • Minor:相当于识别群组里单个的Beacon
  • TX Power:用于测量设备离Beacon的距离

UUID+Major+Minor就构成了一个Beacon的识别号,有点类似于网络中的IP地址。TX Power用于测距,iBeacon目前只定义了大概的3个粗略级别:

  • 非常近(Immediate): 大概10厘米内
  • 近(Near):1米内
  • 远(Far):1米外

这里主要是对其用法做一个介绍:

首先是获取BluetoothAdapter对象:

final BluetoothManager bluetoothManager =
                (BluetoothManager) getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
        mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
        mBluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(mLeScanCallback);

 
 然后就是它的回调,在这里对搜索到的iBeacon设备距手机的信号强度做了一个排序 
 

private BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback =
            new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() {

        @Override
        public void onLeScan(final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi, byte[] scanRecord) {
        	final iBeacon ibeacon = iBeaconClass.fromScanData(device,rssi,scanRecord);
        	addDevice(ibeacon);
        	Collections.sort(mLeDevices, new Comparator<iBeacon>() {
    			@Override
    			public int compare(iBeacon h1, iBeacon h2) {
    				return h2.rssi - h1.rssi;
    			}
    		});
        }
    };
最后把搜索到的数据添加到集合中去

private ArrayList<iBeacon> mLeDevices = new ArrayList<iBeacon>();
    private void addDevice(iBeacon device) { //更新beacon信息
		if(device==null) {
			Log.d("DeviceScanActivity ", "device==null ");
			return;
		}
		
		for(int i=0;i<mLeDevices.size();i++){
			String btAddress = mLeDevices.get(i).bluetoothAddress;
			if(btAddress.equals(device.bluetoothAddress)){
				mLeDevices.add(i+1, device);
				mLeDevices.remove(i);
				break;
			} 
		}
		mLeDevices.add(device);
		
	}
 
  
 

我们在iBbeaconClass类中对其进行数据的解析处理,参考:https://github.com/AltBeacon/android-beacon-library

public class iBeaconClass {

    static public  class iBeacon{
    	public String name;
    	public int major;
    	public int minor;
    	public String proximityUuid;
    	public String bluetoothAddress;
    	public int txPower;
    	public int rssi;
    }
    public static iBeacon fromScanData(BluetoothDevice device, int rssi,byte[] scanData) {

    	int startByte = 2;
		boolean patternFound = false;
		while (startByte <= 5) {
			if (((int)scanData[startByte+2] & 0xff) == 0x02 &&
				((int)scanData[startByte+3] & 0xff) == 0x15) {			
				// yes!  This is an iBeacon	
				patternFound = true;
				break;
			}
			else if (((int)scanData[startByte] & 0xff) == 0x2d &&
					((int)scanData[startByte+1] & 0xff) == 0x24 &&
					((int)scanData[startByte+2] & 0xff) == 0xbf &&
					((int)scanData[startByte+3] & 0xff) == 0x16) {
                iBeacon iBeacon = new iBeacon();
				iBeacon.major = 0;
				iBeacon.minor = 0;
				iBeacon.proximityUuid = "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000";
				iBeacon.txPower = -55;
				return iBeacon;
			}
            else if (((int)scanData[startByte] & 0xff) == 0xad &&
                     ((int)scanData[startByte+1] & 0xff) == 0x77 &&
                     ((int)scanData[startByte+2] & 0xff) == 0x00 &&
                     ((int)scanData[startByte+3] & 0xff) == 0xc6) {
                   
                    iBeacon iBeacon = new iBeacon();
                    iBeacon.major = 0;
                    iBeacon.minor = 0;
                    iBeacon.proximityUuid = "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000";
                    iBeacon.txPower = -55;
                    return iBeacon;
            }
			startByte++;
		}


		if (patternFound == false) {
			// This is not an iBeacon
			return null;
		}

		iBeacon iBeacon = new iBeacon();

		iBeacon.major = (scanData[startByte+20] & 0xff) * 0x100 + (scanData[startByte+21] & 0xff);
		iBeacon.minor = (scanData[startByte+22] & 0xff) * 0x100 + (scanData[startByte+23] & 0xff);
		iBeacon.txPower = (int)scanData[startByte+24]; // this one is signed
		iBeacon.rssi = rssi;

		// AirLocate:
		// 02 01 1a 1a ff 4c 00 02 15  # Apple's fixed iBeacon advertising prefix
		// e2 c5 6d b5 df fb 48 d2 b0 60 d0 f5 a7 10 96 e0 # iBeacon profile uuid
		// 00 00 # major 
		// 00 00 # minor 
		// c5 # The 2's complement of the calibrated Tx Power

		// Estimote:		
		// 02 01 1a 11 07 2d 24 bf 16 
		// 394b31ba3f486415ab376e5c0f09457374696d6f7465426561636f6e00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

		byte[] proximityUuidBytes = new byte[16];
		System.arraycopy(scanData, startByte+4, proximityUuidBytes, 0, 16); 
		String hexString = bytesToHexString(proximityUuidBytes);
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		sb.append(hexString.substring(0,8));
		sb.append("-");
		sb.append(hexString.substring(8,12));
		sb.append("-");
		sb.append(hexString.substring(12,16));
		sb.append("-");
		sb.append(hexString.substring(16,20));
		sb.append("-");
		sb.append(hexString.substring(20,32));
		iBeacon.proximityUuid = sb.toString();

        if (device != null) {
            iBeacon.bluetoothAddress = device.getAddress();
            iBeacon.name = device.getName();
        }

		return iBeacon;
	}

    public static String bytesToHexString(byte[] src){  
        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder("");  
        if (src == null || src.length <= 0) {  
            return null;  
        }  
        for (int i = 0; i < src.length; i++) {  
            int v = src[i] & 0xFF;  
            String hv = Integer.toHexString(v);  
            if (hv.length() < 2) {  
                stringBuilder.append(0);  
            }  
            stringBuilder.append(hv);  
        }  
        return stringBuilder.toString();  
    }  
}

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