此映射中包含的键的 set 视图【有关 set 使用 见下文。】
下面借鉴一个实例演示解析:
public class HashMapTest { public static void main(String[] args) { HashMap<String,String> keySetMap = new HashMap<String,String>(); HashMap<String,String> entrySetMap=new HashMap<String,String>(); for (int i= 0;i<1000;i++) { keySetMap.put(""+i, "keySet"); } for(int i=0;i<1000;i++){ entrySetMap.put(""+i,"entrySet"); } long startTimeOne = System.currentTimeMillis(); Iterator<String> keySetIterator = keySetMap.keySet().iterator(); while (keySetIterator.hasNext()) { System.out.println(keySetMap.get(keySetIterator.next())); } System.out.println("keyset遍历时间-------------------------------:"+(System.currentTimeMillis()-startTimeOne)); long startTimeTwo=System.currentTimeMillis(); Iterator<Entry<String,String>> entrySetIterator=entrySetMap.entrySet().iterator(); while(entrySetIterator.hasNext()){ Entry<String,String> entry=entrySetIterator.next(); System.out.println(entry.getValue()); } System.out.println("entryset遍历时间---------------------------:"+(System.currentTimeMillis()-startTimeTwo)); } }
hashMap深度分析(转载)
java.util.HashMap是很常见的类,前段时间公司系统由于对HashMap使用不当,导致cpu百分之百,
在并发环境下使用HashMap 而没有做同步,可能会引起死循环,关于这一点,sun的官方网站上已有阐述,这并非是bug。
HashMap的数据结构
HashMap主要是用数组来存储数据的,我们都知道它会对key进行哈希运算,哈系运算会有重复的哈希值,对于哈希值的冲突,HashMap采用链表来解决的。
在HashMap里有这样的一句属性声明:
transient Entry[] table;
Entry就是HashMap存储数据所用的类,它拥有的属性如下
final K key;
V value;
final int hash;
Entry<K,V> next;
看到next了吗?next就是为了哈希冲突而存在的。比如通过哈希运算,一个新元素应该在数组的第10个位置,但是第10个位置已经有Entry,那么好吧,将新加的元素也放到第10个位置,将第10个位置的原有Entry赋值给当前新加的 Entry的next属性。数组存储的是链表,链表是为了解决哈希冲突的,这一点要注意。
几个关键的属性
存储数据的数组
transient Entry[] table; 这个上面已经讲到了
默认容量
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
最大容量
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
默认加载因子,加载因子是一个比例,当HashMap的数据大小>=容量*加载因子时,HashMap会将容量扩容
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
当实际数据大小超过threshold时,HashMap会将容量扩容,threshold=容量*加载因子
int threshold;
加载因子
final float loadFactor;
HashMap的初始过程
构造函数1:
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) { if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity); if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY; if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor); // Find a power of 2 >= initialCapacity int capacity = 1; while (capacity < initialCapacity) capacity <<= 1; this.loadFactor = loadFactor; threshold = (int)(capacity * loadFactor); table = new Entry[capacity]; init(); }
构造函数2
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) { this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR); }
构造函数3,全部都是默认值
public HashMap() { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; threshold = (int)(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY * DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR); table = new Entry[DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY]; init(); }
public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) { this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1, DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY), DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR); putAllForCreate(m); }
private static int oldHash(int h) { h += ~(h << 9); h ^= (h >>> 14); h += (h << 4); h ^= (h >>> 10); return h; } private static int newHash(int h) { // This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by // constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded // number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor). h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12); return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4); }
public V put(K key, V value) { if (key == null) return putForNullKey(value); int hash = hash(key.hashCode()); int i = indexFor(hash, table.length); for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) { Object k; if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) { V oldValue = e.value; e.value = value; e.recordAccess(this); return oldValue; } } modCount++; addEntry(hash, key, value, i); return null; }
private V putForNullKey(V value) { int hash = hash(NULL_KEY.hashCode()); int i = indexFor(hash, table.length); for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) { if (e.key == NULL_KEY) { V oldValue = e.value; e.value = value; e.recordAccess(this); return oldValue; } } modCount++; addEntry(hash, (K) NULL_KEY, value, i); return null; }
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) { Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex]; table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e); if (size++ >= threshold) resize(2 * table.length); } table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
看看resize方法:
void resize(int newCapacity) { Entry[] oldTable = table; int oldCapacity = oldTable.length; if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; return; } Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity]; transfer(newTable); table = newTable; threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor); }
void transfer(Entry[] newTable) { Entry[] src = table; int newCapacity = newTable.length; for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++) { Entry<K,V> e = src[j]; if (e != null) { src[j] = null; do { Entry<K,V> next = e.next; int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity); e.next = newTable[i]; newTable[i] = e; e = next; } while (e != null); } } }
正确的使用HashMap
1:不要在并发场景中使用HashMap
HashMap是线程不安全的,如果被多个线程共享的操作,将会引发不可预知的问题,
据sun的说法,在扩容时,会引起链表的闭环,在get元素时,就会无限循环,后果是cpu100%。
看看get方法的红色部分
public V get(Object key) { if (key == null) return getForNullKey(); int hash = hash(key.hashCode()); for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)]; e != null; e = e.next) { Object k; if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) return e.value; } return null; }