Redis是一个key-value数据库。Redis可以部署在利用tcp socket或者其他的协议连接的主从模式集群上。它提供了一些指令,我们可以通过这些指令来访问其存储的数据。不同的进程均可查询和修改。
Redis主要有以下几个特点:
1、Redis是存在磁盘上面的,即使数据经常在服务器的内存中读取、修改等等。因此Redis不仅操作速度快,并且还是非易失的。
2、相对于高级语言而言Redis在数据存储方面更有效率,其内部数据结构让它消耗更少的存储资源。
3、Redis提供了很多数据库都有的性质,例如,存在冗余,部署在集群,高可靠性等。
我们可以将Redis想想成为memcached的一个更高阶版本。他的操作并非只有GETS和SETS,并且它内部有着更复杂的数据结构比如说链表,集合,以及有序集合等等。
Redis源代码托管
Redis数据结构介绍
Redis简单教程
Redis指令
Redis官方文档
作为一个key-value数据库,内存操作是相当频繁的,为了兼容多种平台Redis将其他平台的内存操作做了封装
都通过z_malloc等z_XXX类型的函数进行调用。并在zmalloc.h和zmalloc.c中做了宏定义
zmalloc.h
#ifndef __ZMALLOC_H
#define __ZMALLOC_H
/* Double expansion needed for stringification of macro values. */
#define __xstr(s) __str(s)
#define __str(s) #s
#if defined(USE_TCMALLOC)
#define ZMALLOC_LIB ("tcmalloc-" __xstr(TC_VERSION_MAJOR) "." __xstr(TC_VERSION_MINOR))
#include <google/tcmalloc.h>
#if (TC_VERSION_MAJOR == 1 && TC_VERSION_MINOR >= 6) || (TC_VERSION_MAJOR > 1)
#define HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE 1
#define zmalloc_size(p) tc_malloc_size(p)
#else
#error "Newer version of tcmalloc required"
#endif
#elif defined(USE_JEMALLOC)
#define ZMALLOC_LIB ("jemalloc-" __xstr(JEMALLOC_VERSION_MAJOR) "." __xstr(JEMALLOC_VERSION_MINOR) "." __xstr(JEMALLOC_VERSION_BUGFIX))
#include <jemalloc/jemalloc.h>
#if (JEMALLOC_VERSION_MAJOR == 2 && JEMALLOC_VERSION_MINOR >= 1) || (JEMALLOC_VERSION_MAJOR > 2)
#define HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE 1
#define zmalloc_size(p) je_malloc_usable_size(p)
#else
#error "Newer version of jemalloc required"
#endif
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
#include <malloc/malloc.h>
#define HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE 1
#define zmalloc_size(p) malloc_size(p)
#endif
#ifndef ZMALLOC_LIB
#define ZMALLOC_LIB "libc"
#endif
#ifndef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
size_t zmalloc_size(void *ptr);//
#endif
#endif /* __ZMALLOC_H */
zmalloc.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* This function provide us access to the original libc free(). This is useful * for instance to free results obtained by backtrace_symbols(). We need * to define this function before including zmalloc.h that may shadow the * free implementation if we use jemalloc or another non standard allocator. */
void zlibc_free(void *ptr) {
free(ptr);
}
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include "config.h"
#include "zmalloc.h"
#include "atomicvar.h"
/* 因为 tcmalloc 和 Mac平台下的 malloc 函数族提供了计算已分配空间大小的函数(分别是tcmallocsize和mallocsize),所以就不需要单独分配一段空间记录大小了。而针对linux和sun平台则要记录分配空间大小。对于linux,使用sizeof(sizet)定长字段记录;对于sun os,使用sizeof(long long)定长字段记录。也就是上边源码中的 PREFIXSIZE 宏。 */
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
#define PREFIX_SIZE (0)
#else
#if defined(__sun) || defined(__sparc) || defined(__sparc__)
#define PREFIX_SIZE (sizeof(long long))
#else
#define PREFIX_SIZE (sizeof(size_t))
#endif
#endif
/* Explicitly override malloc/free etc when using tcmalloc. */
#if defined(USE_TCMALLOC)
#define malloc(size) tc_malloc(size)
#define calloc(count,size) tc_calloc(count,size)
#define realloc(ptr,size) tc_realloc(ptr,size)
#define free(ptr) tc_free(ptr)
#elif defined(USE_JEMALLOC)
#define malloc(size) je_malloc(size)
#define calloc(count,size) je_calloc(count,size)
#define realloc(ptr,size) je_realloc(ptr,size)
#define free(ptr) je_free(ptr)
#endif
/* zmalloc主要是对内存进行管理,其静态变量只有3个,表示当前内存状态,它们分别是: used_memory:记录当前内存使用大小 zmalloc_thread_safe:是否线程安全 used_memory_mutex:线程锁,多线程情况下利用它对used_memory进行原子操作。 相关的内存操作就是分配指针,释放内存等常规操作,每一次操作都对状态进行操作 */
//********************************************************************
/* 这个宏是用来更新used_memory的,__n表示内存增加的大小。 */
#define update_zmalloc_stat_alloc(__n) do { \
size_t _n = (__n); \
//用于内存对齐
if (_n&(sizeof(long)-1)) _n += sizeof(long)-(_n&(sizeof(long)-1)); \
if (zmalloc_thread_safe) { \
//线程不安全(多线程)进行原子操作
atomicIncr(used_memory,__n,&used_memory_mutex); \
} else { \
used_memory += _n; \
} \
} while(0)
/* 这个宏与上一个宏相反,用于释放内存是更新状态改变的,释放内存减少used_memory */
#define update_zmalloc_stat_free(__n) do { \
size_t _n = (__n); \
if (_n&(sizeof(long)-1)) _n += sizeof(long)-(_n&(sizeof(long)-1)); \
if (zmalloc_thread_safe) { \
atomicDecr(used_memory,__n,&used_memory_mutex); \
} else { \
used_memory -= _n; \
} \
} while(0)
static size_t used_memory = 0;
static int zmalloc_thread_safe = 0;
pthread_mutex_t used_memory_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
/* 这个函数是默认out of memory(oom)的错误输出 */
static void zmalloc_default_oom(size_t size) {
fprintf(stderr, "zmalloc: Out of memory trying to allocate %zu bytes\n",
size);
fflush(stderr);
abort();
}
/* oom的handle */
static void (*zmalloc_oom_handler)(size_t) = zmalloc_default_oom;
/* 分配内存的时候,可以明确知道要分配多少内存。但是释放内存的时候,(对于未提供mallocsize函数的平台)仅通过指向要释放内存的指针是不能知道释放的空间到底有多大的。这个时候,上边提到的PREFIXSIZE定长字段就起作用了,可以通过其中记录的内容得到空间的大小。 */
void *zmalloc(size_t size) {
void *ptr = malloc(size+PREFIX_SIZE);
if (!ptr) zmalloc_oom_handler(size);
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
update_zmalloc_stat_alloc(zmalloc_size(ptr));
return ptr;
#else
*((size_t*)ptr) = size;
update_zmalloc_stat_alloc(size+PREFIX_SIZE);
return (char*)ptr+PREFIX_SIZE;
#endif
}
void *zcalloc(size_t size) {
void *ptr = calloc(1, size+PREFIX_SIZE);
if (!ptr) zmalloc_oom_handler(size);
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
update_zmalloc_stat_alloc(zmalloc_size(ptr));
return ptr;
#else
*((size_t*)ptr) = size;
update_zmalloc_stat_alloc(size+PREFIX_SIZE);
return (char*)ptr+PREFIX_SIZE;
#endif
}
void *zrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
#ifndef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
void *realptr;
#endif
size_t oldsize;
void *newptr;
if (ptr == NULL) return zmalloc(size);
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
oldsize = zmalloc_size(ptr);
newptr = realloc(ptr,size);
if (!newptr) zmalloc_oom_handler(size);
update_zmalloc_stat_free(oldsize);
update_zmalloc_stat_alloc(zmalloc_size(newptr));
return newptr;
#else
realptr = (char*)ptr-PREFIX_SIZE;
oldsize = *((size_t*)realptr);
newptr = realloc(realptr,size+PREFIX_SIZE);
if (!newptr) zmalloc_oom_handler(size);
*((size_t*)newptr) = size;
update_zmalloc_stat_free(oldsize);
update_zmalloc_stat_alloc(size);
return (char*)newptr+PREFIX_SIZE;
#endif
}
/* Provide zmalloc_size() for systems where this function is not provided by * malloc itself, given that in that case we store a header with this * information as the first bytes of every allocation. */
#ifndef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
size_t zmalloc_size(void *ptr) {
void *realptr = (char*)ptr-PREFIX_SIZE;
size_t size = *((size_t*)realptr);
/* Assume at least that all the allocations are padded at sizeof(long) by * the underlying allocator. */
if (size&(sizeof(long)-1)) size += sizeof(long)-(size&(sizeof(long)-1));
return size+PREFIX_SIZE;
}
#endif
void zfree(void *ptr) {
#ifndef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
void *realptr;
size_t oldsize;
#endif
if (ptr == NULL) return;
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_SIZE
update_zmalloc_stat_free(zmalloc_size(ptr));
free(ptr);
#else
realptr = (char*)ptr-PREFIX_SIZE;
oldsize = *((size_t*)realptr);
update_zmalloc_stat_free(oldsize+PREFIX_SIZE);
free(realptr);
#endif
}
char *zstrdup(const char *s) {
size_t l = strlen(s)+1;
char *p = zmalloc(l);
memcpy(p,s,l);
return p;
}
size_t zmalloc_used_memory(void) {
size_t um;
if (zmalloc_thread_safe) {
atomicGet(used_memory,um,&used_memory_mutex);
} else {
um = used_memory;
}
return um;
}
void zmalloc_enable_thread_safeness(void) {
zmalloc_thread_safe = 1;
}
void zmalloc_set_oom_handler(void (*oom_handler)(size_t)) {
zmalloc_oom_handler = oom_handler;
}
/* Get the RSS information in an OS-specific way. * * WARNING: the function zmalloc_get_rss() is not designed to be fast * and may not be called in the busy loops where Redis tries to release * memory expiring or swapping out objects. * * For this kind of "fast RSS reporting" usages use instead the * function RedisEstimateRSS() that is a much faster (and less precise) * version of the function. */
/* 这里有两种方式获得RSS(Resident Set Size)实际驻留在内存中的内存大小(包括了共享内存)。 1、快到那时不是很准确 RedisEstimateRSS() 2、比较准确,比较慢 zmalloc_get_rss() P.S.这里介绍几个概念: SIZE: 进程使用的地址空间, 如果进程映射了100M的内存, 进程的地址空间将报告为100M内存. 事实上, 这个大小不是一个程序实际使用的内存数. RSS: "Resident Set Size", 实际驻留"在内存中"的内存数. 不包括已经交换出去的代码. 举一个例子: 如果你有一个程序使用了100K内存, 操作系统交换出40K内存, 那么RSS为60K. RSS还包括了与其它进程共享的内存区域. 这些区域通常用于libc库等. SHARE: RSS中与其它进程共享的内存部分大小. VMSIZE: 一个进程占用的总的地址空间大小. 它包括了没有映射到内存中的页面. Private RSS: 映射到内存中的页面, 这些页面仅由进程单独使用. 这也是我们最关心地方: 进程实际占用的内存数.这里可以通过查询/proc/$pid/smaps文件查看 */
#if defined(HAVE_PROC_STAT)
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
//直接在/pro/<pid>/stat文件中读取
size_t zmalloc_get_rss(void) {
int page = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
size_t rss;
char buf[4096];
char filename[256];
int fd, count;
char *p, *x;
snprintf(filename,256,"/proc/%d/stat",getpid());
if ((fd = open(filename,O_RDONLY)) == -1) return 0;
if (read(fd,buf,4096) <= 0) {
close(fd);
return 0;
}
close(fd);
p = buf;
count = 23; /* RSS is the 24th field in /proc/<pid>/stat */
while(p && count--) {
p = strchr(p,' ');
if (p) p++;
}
if (!p) return 0;
x = strchr(p,' ');
if (!x) return 0;
*x = '\0';
rss = strtoll(p,NULL,10);
rss *= page;
return rss;
}
#elif defined(HAVE_TASKINFO)
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <mach/task.h>
#include <mach/mach_init.h>
//从task状态中读取
size_t zmalloc_get_rss(void) {
task_t task = MACH_PORT_NULL;
struct task_basic_info t_info;
mach_msg_type_number_t t_info_count = TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
if (task_for_pid(current_task(), getpid(), &task) != KERN_SUCCESS)
return 0;
task_info(task, TASK_BASIC_INFO, (task_info_t)&t_info, &t_info_count);
return t_info.resident_size;
}
#else
//读取used_memory,考虑到虚拟存储,这个应该是最不准的,但是是最快的
size_t zmalloc_get_rss(void) {
/* If we can't get the RSS in an OS-specific way for this system just * return the memory usage we estimated in zmalloc().. * * Fragmentation will appear to be always 1 (no fragmentation) * of course... */
return zmalloc_used_memory();
}
#endif
/* Fragmentation = RSS / allocated-bytes */
float zmalloc_get_fragmentation_ratio(size_t rss) {
return (float)rss/zmalloc_used_memory();
}
/* Get the sum of the specified field (converted form kb to bytes) in * /proc/self/smaps. The field must be specified with trailing ":" as it * apperas in the smaps output. * * Example: zmalloc_get_smap_bytes_by_field("Rss:"); */
#if defined(HAVE_PROC_SMAPS)
size_t zmalloc_get_smap_bytes_by_field(char *field) {
char line[1024];
size_t bytes = 0;
FILE *fp = fopen("/proc/self/smaps","r");
int flen = strlen(field);
if (!fp) return 0;
while(fgets(line,sizeof(line),fp) != NULL) {
if (strncmp(line,field,flen) == 0) {
char *p = strchr(line,'k');
if (p) {
*p = '\0';
bytes += strtol(line+flen,NULL,10) * 1024;
}
}
}
fclose(fp);
return bytes;
}
#else
size_t zmalloc_get_smap_bytes_by_field(char *field) {
((void) field);
return 0;
}
#endif
size_t zmalloc_get_private_dirty(void) {
return zmalloc_get_smap_bytes_by_field("Private_Dirty:");
}
/* Returns the size of physical memory (RAM) in bytes. * It looks ugly, but this is the cleanest way to achive cross platform results. * Cleaned up from: * * http://nadeausoftware.com/articles/2012/09/c_c_tip_how_get_physical_memory_size_system * * Note that this function: * 1) Was released under the following CC attribution license: * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US. * 2) Was originally implemented by David Robert Nadeau. * 3) Was modified for Redis by Matt Stancliff. * 4) This note exists in order to comply with the original license. */
size_t zmalloc_get_memory_size(void) {
#if defined(__unix__) || defined(__unix) || defined(unix) || \
(defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
#if defined(CTL_HW) && (defined(HW_MEMSIZE) || defined(HW_PHYSMEM64))
int mib[2];
mib[0] = CTL_HW;
#if defined(HW_MEMSIZE)
mib[1] = HW_MEMSIZE; /* OSX. --------------------- */
#elif defined(HW_PHYSMEM64)
mib[1] = HW_PHYSMEM64; /* NetBSD, OpenBSD. --------- */
#endif
int64_t size = 0; /* 64-bit */
size_t len = sizeof(size);
if (sysctl( mib, 2, &size, &len, NULL, 0) == 0)
return (size_t)size;
return 0L; /* Failed? */
#elif defined(_SC_PHYS_PAGES) && defined(_SC_PAGESIZE)
/* FreeBSD, Linux, OpenBSD, and Solaris. -------------------- */
return (size_t)sysconf(_SC_PHYS_PAGES) * (size_t)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
#elif defined(CTL_HW) && (defined(HW_PHYSMEM) || defined(HW_REALMEM))
/* DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and OSX. -------- */
int mib[2];
mib[0] = CTL_HW;
#if defined(HW_REALMEM)
mib[1] = HW_REALMEM; /* FreeBSD. ----------------- */
#elif defined(HW_PYSMEM)
mib[1] = HW_PHYSMEM; /* Others. ------------------ */
#endif
unsigned int size = 0; /* 32-bit */
size_t len = sizeof(size);
if (sysctl(mib, 2, &size, &len, NULL, 0) == 0)
return (size_t)size;
return 0L; /* Failed? */
#endif /* sysctl and sysconf variants */
#else
return 0L; /* Unknown OS. */
#endif
}
Redis internals - 内存分配
github/redis/src/zmalloc.h
github/redis/src/zmalloc.c
github/redis/src/config.h