新的编程语言来袭 --- 了解苹果的Swift,快速高效开发

关于
这篇文章简要介绍了苹果于WWDC 2014发布的编程语言——Swift。

前言
在这里我认为有必要提一下Brec Victor的Inventing on Principle,Swift编程环境的大部分概念都源自于Brec这个演讲。
接下来进入正题。

Swift是什么?
Swift是苹果于WWDC 2014发布的编程语言,这里引用The Swift Programming Language的原话:

Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.

Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.

Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opport unity to imagine how software development works.

Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.

简单的说:
  • Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)
  • Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点,且更加强大易用。
  • Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。
  • Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。

Swift语言概览基本概念
注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。

Hello, world
类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
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println("Hello, world")



变量与常量
Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。
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var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42


类型推导
Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:
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let explicitDouble : Double = 70


Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):
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let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let width = label + String(width)



字符串格式化
Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:
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let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."



数组和字典
Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
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var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
  
var occupations = [
    "Malcolm": "Captain",
    "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"



一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
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let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()


如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。


控制流
概览
Swift的条件语句包含if和switch,循环语句包含for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:
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let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
    if score > 50 {
        teamScore += 3
    } else {
        teamScore += 1
    }
}



可空类型
结合if和let,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。
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var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
optionalString == nil
  
var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var gretting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
    gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
}


灵活的switch
Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作:
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let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
    let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
case "cucumber", "watercress":
    let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
    let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
default:
    let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
}



其它循环
for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:
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let interestingNumbers = [
    "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
    "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
    "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
    for number in numbers {
        if number > largest {
            largest = number
        }
    }
}
largest



while循环和do-while循环:
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var n = 2
while n < 100 {
    n = n * 2
}
n
  
var m = 2
do {
    m = m * 2
} while m < 100
m



Swift支持传统的for循环,此外也可以通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现同样的逻辑。
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var firstForLoop = 0
for i in 0..3 {
    firstForLoop += i
}
firstForLoop
  
var secondForLoop = 0
for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
    secondForLoop += 1
}
secondForLoop


注意:Swift除了..还有...:..生成前闭后开的区间,而...生成前闭后闭的区间。

函数和闭包
函数
Swift使用func关键字声明函数:
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func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
    return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
}
greet("Bob", "Tuesday")


通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
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func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
    return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
}
getGasPrices()


支持带有变长参数的函数:
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func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
    var sum = 0
    for number in numbers {
        sum += number
    }
    return sum
}
sumOf()
sumOf(42, 597, 12)


函数也可以嵌套函数:
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func returnFifteen() -> Int {
    var y = 10
    func add() {
        y += 5
    }
    add()
    return y
}
returnFifteen()


作为头等对象,函数既可以作为返回值,也可以作为参数传递:
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func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
    func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
        return 1 + number
    }
    return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)



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func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
    for item in list {
        if condition(item) {
            return true
        }
    }
    return false
}
func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
    return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)


闭包
本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中可以利用{}声明匿名闭包:
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numbers.map({
    (number: Int) -> Int in
    let result = 3 * number
    return result
    })



当闭包的类型已知时,可以使用下面的简化写法:
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numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })


此外还可以通过参数的位置来使用参数,当函数最后一个参数是闭包时,可以使用下面的语法:
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sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }



类和对象
创建和使用类
Swift使用class创建一个类,类可以包含字段和方法:
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class Shape {
    var numberOfSides = 0
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}


创建Shape类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
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var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()


通过init构建对象,既可以使用self显式引用成员字段(name),也可以隐式引用(numberOfSides)。
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class NamedShape {
    var numberOfSides: Int = 0
    var name: String
  
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
  
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}


使用deinit进行清理工作。


继承和多态
Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):
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class Square: NamedShape {
    var sideLength: Double
  
    init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
        self.sideLength = sideLength
        super.init(name: name)
        numberOfSides = 4
    }
  
    func area() -> Double {
        return sideLength * sideLength
    }
  
    override func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
    }
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()


注意:如果这里的simpleDescription方法没有被标识为override,则会引发编译错误。


属性
为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见下面的perimeter字段:
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class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
    var sideLength: Double = 0.0
  
    init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
        self.sideLength = sideLength
        super.init(name: name)
        numberOfSides = 3
    }
  
    var perimeter: Double {
    get {
        return 3.0 * sideLength
    }
    set {
        sideLength = newValue / 3.0
    }
    }
  
    override func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
    }
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
triangle.perimeter
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
triangle.sideLength



注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自动命名为newValue。


willSet和didSet
EquilateralTriangle的构造器进行了如下操作:
  • 为子类型的属性赋值。
  • 调用父类型的构造器。
  • 修改父类型的属性。

如果不需要计算属性的值,但需要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet和didSet:
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class TriangleAndSquare {
    var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
    willSet {
        square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
    }
    }
    var square: Square {
    willSet {
        triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
    }
    }
    init(size: Double, name: String) {
        square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
        triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
    }
}
var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength


从而保证triangle和square拥有相等的sideLength。


调用方法
Swift中,函数的参数名称只能在函数内部使用,但方法的参数名称除了在内部使用外还可以在外部使用(第一个参数除外),例如:
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class Counter {
    var count: Int = 0
    func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
        count += amount * times
    }
}
var counter = Counter()
counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)


注意Swift支持为方法参数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes面向外部,times面向内部。

?的另一种用途
使用可空值时,?可以出现在方法、属性或下标前面。如果?前的值为nil,那么?后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil,例如:
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let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional 
square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength


当optionalSquare为nil时,sideLength属性调用会被忽略。


枚举和结构
枚举
使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举可以关联方法:
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enum Rank: Int {
    case Ace = 1
    case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
    case Jack, Queen, King
        func simpleDescription() -> String {
        switch self {
            case .Ace:
                return "ace"
            case .Jack:
                return "jack"
            case .Queen:
                return "queen"
            case .King:
                return "king"
            default:
                return String(self.toRaw())
        }
    }
}
let ace = Rank.Ace
let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()


使用toRaw和fromRaw在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:
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if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {
    let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
}


注意枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)没有必然关联。
一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时可以直接忽略原始值:
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enum Suit {
    case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
        func simpleDescription() -> String {
        switch self {
            case .Spades:
                return "spades"
            case .Hearts:
                return "hearts"
            case .Diamonds:
                return "diamonds"
            case .Clubs:
                return "clubs"
        }
    }
}
let hearts = Suit.Hearts
let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()


除了可以关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员可以有不同的关联的值:
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enum ServerResponse {
    case Result(String, String)
    case Error(String)
}
  
let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")
  
switch success {
    case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):
        let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."
    case let .Error(error):
        let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)"
}


结构
Swift使用struct关键字创建结构。结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大区别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
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struct Card {
    var rank: Rank
    var suit: Suit
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
    }
}
let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()



协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)
协议
Swift使用protocol定义协议:
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protocol ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String { get }
    mutating func adjust()
}


类型、枚举和结构都可以实现(adopt)协议:
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class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
    var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
    func adjust() {
        simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
    }
}
var a = SimpleClass()
a.adjust()
let aDescription = a.simpleDescription
  
struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
    mutating func adjust() {
        simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
    }
}
var b = SimpleStructure()
b.adjust()
let bDescription = b.simpleDescription


扩展
扩展用于在已有的类型上增加新的功能(比如新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension声明扩展:
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extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String {
        return "The number \(self)"
    }
    mutating func adjust() {
        self += 42
    }
}
7.simpleDescription


泛型(generics)
Swift使用<>来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:
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func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {
    var result = ItemType[]()
    for i in 0..times {
        result += item
    }
    return result
}
repeat("knock", 4)


Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:
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// Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
enum OptionalValue<T> {
    case None
    case Some(T)
}
var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None
possibleInteger = .Some(100)


有时需要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比如需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where描述这些需求:
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func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool {
    for lhsItem in lhs {
        for rhsItem in rhs {
            if lhsItem == rhsItem {
                return true
            }
        }
    }
    return false
}
anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])

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