一 . 介绍 ALSA 标准是一个先进的 linux 声音体系。它包含内核驱动集合, API 库和工具对 Linux 声音进行支持。 ALSA 包含一系列内核驱动对不同的声卡进行支持,还提供了 libasound 的 API 库。用这些进行写程序不需要打开设备等操作,所以编程人员在写程序的时候不会被底层的东西困扰。与此相反 OSS/Free 驱动在内核层次调用,需要指定设备名和调用 ioctl 。为提供向后兼容, ALSA 提供内核模块模仿 OSS/Free 驱动,所以大多数的程序不需要改动。 ALSA 拥有调用插件的能力对新设备提供扩展,包括那些用软件模拟出来的虚拟设备。 ALSA 还提供一组命令行工具包括 mixer, sound file player 和工具控制一些特别的声卡的特别的作用。 二 .ALSA 体系: ALSA API 被主要分为以下几种接口:
- 控制接口:提供灵活的方式管理注册的声卡和对存在的声卡进行查询。
- PCM 接口:提供管理数字音频的捕捉和回放。
- 原始 MIDI 接口 : 支持 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), 一种标准电子音乐指令集。 这些 API 提供访问声卡上的 MIDI 总线。这些原始借口直接工作在 The MIDI 事件上,程序员只需要管理协议和时间。
- 记时接口 : 为支持声音的同步事件提供访问声卡上的定时器。
- 音序器接口:一个比原始 MIDI 接口高级的 MIDI 编程和声音同步高层接口。它可以处理很多的 MIDI 协议和定时器。
- 混音器接口:控制发送信号和控制声音大小的声卡上的设备。
三 . 声卡的缓存和数据的传输: 一块声卡有一个声卡内存用来存储记录的样本。当它被写满时就产生中断。内核驱动就使用 DMA 将数据传输到内存中。同样地,当在播放时就将内存中的声音样本使用 DMA 传到声卡的内存中! 声卡的缓存是环状的,这里只讨论应用程序中的内存结构: ALSA 将数据分成连续的片段然后传到按单元片段传输。 四:典型的声音程序结构: open interface for capture or playback set hardware parameters (access mode, data format, channels, rate, etc.) while there is data to be processed: read PCM data (capture) or write PCM data (playback) close interface 五 . 一些例子: 1. 显示一些 PCM 的类型和格式 :
- #include <iostream>
- #include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
- int main()
- {
- std::cout << "ALSA library version: " << SND_LIB_VERSION_STR << std::endl;
- std::cout << "PCM stream types: " << std::endl;
- for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_STREAM_LAST; ++val)
- std::cout << snd_pcm_stream_name((snd_pcm_stream_t)val) << std::endl;
- std::cout << std::endl;
- std::cout << "PCM access types: " << std::endl;
- for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_ACCESS_LAST; ++val)
- std::cout << snd_pcm_access_name((snd_pcm_access_t)val) << std::endl;
- std::cout << std::endl;
- std::cout << "PCM subformats: " << std::endl;
- for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_SUBFORMAT_LAST; ++val)
- std::cout << snd_pcm_subformat_name((snd_pcm_subformat_t)val) << " ("
- << snd_pcm_subformat_description((snd_pcm_subformat_t)val) << ")" << std::endl;
- std::cout << std::endl;
- std::cout << "PCM states: " << std::endl;
- for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_STATE_LAST; ++val)
- std::cout << snd_pcm_state_name((snd_pcm_state_t)val) << std::endl;
- std::cout << std::endl;
- std::cout << "PCM formats: " << std::endl;
- for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_FORMAT_LAST; ++val)
- std::cout << snd_pcm_format_name((snd_pcm_format_t)val) << " ("
- << snd_pcm_format_description((snd_pcm_format_t)val) << ")" << std::endl;
- std::cout << std::endl;
- }
2. 打开 PCM 设备和设置参数
- #include <iostream>
- #include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
- int main()
- {
- int rc;
- snd_pcm_t* handle;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_t* params;
- unsigned int val, val2;
- int dir;
- snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
- if ( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default",
- SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0)
- {
- std::cerr << "unable to open pcm devices: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- exit(1);
- }
- snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
- val = 44100;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);
- if ( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params)) < 0)
- {
- std::cerr << "unable to set hw parameters: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- exit(1);
- }
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access(params, (snd_pcm_access_t *)&val);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format(params, (snd_pcm_format_t*)(&val));
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_subformat(params, (snd_pcm_subformat_t *)&val);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(params, &val, &dir);
- std::cout << "rate = " << val << " bps" << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
- std::cout << "period time = " << val << " us" << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_time(params, &val, &dir);
- std::cout << "buffer time = " << val << " us" << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size(params, (snd_pcm_uframes_t *) &val);
- std::cout << "buffer size = " << val << " frames" << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods(params, &val, &dir);
- std::cout << "periods per buffer = " << val << " frames" << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_numden(params, &val, &val2);
- std::cout << "exact rate = " << val/val2 << " bps" << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_sbits(params);
- std::cout << "significant bits = " << val << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_tick_time(params, &val, &dir);
- std::cout << "tick time = " << val << " us" << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_batch(params);
- std::cout << "is batch = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_block_transfer(params);
- std::cout << "is block transfer = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_double(params);
- std::cout << "is double = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_half_duplex(params);
- std::cout << "is half duplex = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_joint_duplex(params);
- std::cout << "is joint duplex = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_overrange(params);
- std::cout << "can overrange = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_mmap_sample_resolution(params);
- std::cout << "can mmap = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_pause(params);
- std::cout << "can pause = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_resume(params);
- std::cout << "can resume = " << val << std::endl;
- val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_sync_start(params);
- std::cout << "can sync start = " << val << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_close(handle);
- return 0;
- }
3. 一个简单的声音播放程序
- #include <iostream>
- #include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
- int main()
- {
- long loops;
- int rc;
- int size;
- snd_pcm_t* handle;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_t* params;
- unsigned int val;
- int dir;
- snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
- char* buffer;
-
- if ( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default",
- SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0)
- {
- std::cerr << "unable to open pcm device: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- exit(1);
- }
-
- snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params,
- SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params,
- SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
- val = 44100;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);
- frames = 32;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle, params, &frames, &dir);
- if ( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params)) < 0)
- {
- std::cerr << "unable to set hw paramseters: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- exit(1);
- }
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
- size = frames * 4;
- buffer = new char[size];
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
- loops = 5000000 / val;
- while (loops > 0) {
- loops--;
- if ( (rc = read(0, buffer, size)) == 0)
- {
- std::cerr << "end of file on input" << std::endl;
- break;
- }
- else if (rc != size)
- std::cerr << "short read: read "
- << rc << " bytes" << std::endl;
- if ( (rc = snd_pcm_writei(handle, buffer, frames)) == -EPIPE)
- {
- std::cerr << "underrun occurred" << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_prepare(handle);
- }
- else if (rc < 0)
- std::cerr << "error from writei: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- else if (rc != (int)frames)
- std::cerr << "short write, write "
- << rc << " frames" << std::endl;
- }
- snd_pcm_drain(handle);
- snd_pcm_close(handle);
- free(buffer);
- return 0;
- }
4. 一个简单的记录声音的程序
- #include <iostream>
- #include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
- int main()
- {
- long loops;
- int rc;
- int size;
- snd_pcm_t* handle;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_t* params;
- unsigned int val;
- int dir;
- snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
- char* buffer;
-
- if ( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default",
- SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, 0)) < 0)
- {
- std::cerr << "unable to open pcm device: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- exit(1);
- }
-
- snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params,
- SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params,
- SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
- val = 44100;
- snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle,
- params, &frames, &dir);
- if ( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params)) < 0)
- {
- std::cerr << "unable to set hw parameters: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- exit(1);
- }
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
- size = frames * 4;
- buffer = new char[size];
- snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
- loops = 5000000 / val;
- while (loops > 0)
- {
- loops --;
- rc = snd_pcm_readi(handle, buffer, frames);
- if (rc == -EPIPE)
- {
- std::cerr << "overrun occurred" << std::endl;
- snd_pcm_prepare(handle);
- }
- else if (rc < 0)
- std::cerr << "error from read: "
- << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
- else if ( rc != (int)frames)
- std::cerr << "short read, read "
- << rc << " frames" << std::endl;
- rc = write(1, buffer, size);
- if (rc != size)
- std::cerr << "short write: wrote "
- << rc << " bytes" << std::endl;
- }
- snd_pcm_drain(handle);
- snd_pcm_close(handle);
- free(buffer);
- return 0;
- }
编译的参数: g++ xxx.cpp -o xxx -lasound |