使用Python语言,编写简单的爬虫程序,在百度百科页面上爬取跟词条“Python”有关的1000个页面(页面数目可以自己任意设定)。
这个简易的爬虫项目可以分为5个模块:
self.urls = url_manager.UrlManger() self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader() self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser() self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutputer()
self.urls = url_manager.UrlManger()
而言,url_manager为模块名称(module),UrlManger为模块中的类(class)。
Beautiful Soup提供一些简单的、python式的函数用来处理导航、搜索、修改分析树等功能。它是一个工具箱,通过解析文档为用户提供需要抓取的数据,因为简单,所以不需要多少代码就可以写出一个完整的应用程序。 Beautiful Soup自动将输入文档转换为Unicode编码,输出文档转换为utf-8编码。你不需要考虑编码方式,除非文档没有指定一个编码方式,这时,Beautiful Soup就不能自动识别编码方式了。然后,你仅仅需要说明一下原始编码方式就可以了。 Beautiful Soup已成为和lxml、html6lib一样出色的python解释器,为用户灵活地提供不同的解析策略或强劲的速度。
为了进行演示,程序中抓取1000个页面的内容并进行初步分析。同学们如果感兴趣,可以进行任意页面的内容抓取分析。程序具有通用性,进行简单的修改可以对于任意网页进行内容自由抓取。
下面,我们来展示五个模块的相应代码:
1. 程序入口:spider_main
#coding:utf-8 from baike_spider import html_downloader, url_manager, html_parser,\ html_outputer class SpiderMain(object): def __init__(self): self.urls = url_manager.UrlManger() self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader() self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser() self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutputer() def craw(self, root_url): count = 1 self.urls.add_new_url(root_url) while self.urls.has_new_url(): try: new_url= self.urls.get_new_url() print 'craw %d : %s' %(count, new_url) html_cont = self.downloader.download(new_url) new_urls, new_data = self.parser.parse(new_url, html_cont) self.urls.add_new_urls(new_urls) self.outputer.collect_data(new_data) if count == 10: break count = count + 1; except: print 'craw failed' self.outputer.output_html() if __name__ == "__main__": root_url = "http://baike.baidu.com/view/21087.htm" obj_spider = SpiderMain() obj_spider.craw(root_url)
2. url管理器:url_manager
#coding:utf-8 class UrlManger(object): def __init__(self): self.new_urls = set() self.old_urls = set() def add_new_url(self, url): if url is None: return if url not in self.new_urls and url not in self.old_urls: self.new_urls.add(url) def add_new_urls(self, urls): if urls is None or len(urls) == 0 : return for url in urls : self.add_new_url(url) def has_new_url(self): return len(self.new_urls) != 0 def get_new_url(self): new_url = self.new_urls.pop() self.old_urls.add(new_url) return new_url
3. html下载器:html_downloader
#coding:utf-8 import urllib2 class HtmlDownloader(object): def download(self, url): if url is None: return None response = urllib2.urlopen(url) if response.getcode() != 200: return None return response.read()
4. html解析器:html_parser
#coding:utf-8 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import re import urlparse class HtmlParser(object): def _get_new_urls(self, page_url, soup): new_urls = set() links = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r"/view/\d+\.htm")) for link in links : new_url = link['href'] new_full_url = urlparse.urljoin(page_url, new_url) new_urls.add(new_full_url) return new_urls def _get_new_data(self, page_url, soup): res_data = {} res_data['url'] = page_url # <dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title"> <h1>Python</h1> title_node = soup.find('dd', class_="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title").find("h1") res_data['title'] = title_node.get_text() # <div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary"> summary_node = soup.find('div', class_="lemma-summary") res_data['summary'] = summary_node.get_text() return res_data def parse(self, page_url, html_cont): if page_url is None or html_cont is None : return soup = BeautifulSoup(html_cont, 'html.parser', from_encoding='utf-8') new_urls = self._get_new_urls(page_url, soup) new_data = self._get_new_data(page_url, soup) return new_urls, new_data
5.html输出器:html_outputer
#coding:utf-8 class HtmlOutputer(object): def __init__(self): self.datas = [] def collect_data(self, data): if data is None : return self.datas.append(data) def output_html(self): fout = open('output.html', 'w') fout.write("<html>") fout.write("<body>") fout.write("<table>") count = 1 for data in self.datas : fout.write("<tr>") fout.write("<td>%d</td>" % count) fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['url']) fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['title'].encode('utf-8')) fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['summary'].encode('utf-8')) fout.write("/<tr>") count = count + 1 fout.write("</table>") fout.write("</body>") fout.write("</html>") fout.close()