class Person(Object):
def __init__(self,name,gender):
self.name=name
self.gender=gender
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self,name,gender,school,score):
super(Student,self).__init__(name,gender)
self.school=school
self.score=score
继承的特点:
1.子类和父类是is关系
class Student(Person):
pass
p=Person()
s=Student()
2.不要忘记调用super().__init__
判断类型
函数isinstance()可以判断一个变量的类型,既可以用在Python内置的数据类型如str、list、dict,也可以用在我们自定义的类,它们本质上都是数据类型
假设有如下的 Person、Student 和 Teacher 的定义及继承关系如下:
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, name, gender):
self.name = name
self.gender = gender
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, gender, score):
super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender)
self.score = score
class Teacher(Person):
def __init__(self, name, gender, course):
super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, gender)
self.course = course
p = Person('Tim', 'Male')
s = Student('Bob', 'Male', 88)
t = Teacher('Alice', 'Female', 'English')
isinstance(p, Person)的结果为true
isinstance(s, Person)的结果为true
多态
类具有继承关系,并且子类类型可以向上转型看做父类类型,如果我们从 Person 派生出 Student和Teacher ,并都写了一个 whoAmI() 方法:
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, name, gender):
self.name = name
self.gender = gender
def whoAmI(self):
return 'I am a Person, my name is %s' % self.name
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, gender, score):
super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender)
self.score = score
def whoAmI(self):
return 'I am a Student, my name is %s' % self.name
class Teacher(Person):
def __init__(self, name, gender, course):
super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, gender)
self.course = course
def whoAmI(self):
return 'I am a Teacher, my name is %s' % self.name
在一个函数中,如果我们接收一个变量 x,则无论该 x 是 Person、Student还是 Teacher,都可以正确打印出结果:
def who_am_i(x):
print x.whoAmI()
p = Person('Tim', 'Male')
s = Student('Bob', 'Male', 88)
t = Teacher('Alice', 'Female', 'English')
who_am_i(p)
who_am_i(s)
who_am_i(t)
这种行为称为多态。也就是说,方法调用将作用在 x 的实际类型上。s 是Student类型,它实际上拥有自己的 whoAmI()方法以及从 Person继承的 whoAmI方法,但调用 s.whoAmI()总是先查找它自身的定义,如果没有定义,则顺着继承链向上查找,直到在某个父类中找到为止。
多重继承
class A(object):
def __init__(self, a):
print 'init A...'
self.a = a
class B(A):
def __init__(self, a):
super(B, self).__init__(a)
print 'init B...'
class C(A):
def __init__(self, a):
super(C, self).__init__(a)
print 'init C...'
class D(B, C):
def __init__(self, a):
super(D, self).__init__(a)
print 'init D...'
像这样,D 同时继承自 B 和 C,也就是 D 拥有了 A、B、C 的全部功能。多重继承通过 super()调用__init__()方法时,A 虽然被继承了两次,但__init__()只调用一次:
d = D('d')
init A...
init C...
init B...
init D...
获取对象信息
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, name, gender):
self.name = name
self.gender = gender
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, gender, score):
super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender)
self.score = score
def whoAmI(self):
return 'I am a Student, my name is %s' % self.name
a.可以用 type() 函数获取变量的类型,它返回一个 Type 对象:
s = Student('Bob', 'Male', 88)
type(s)
结果为:<class '__main__.Student'>
b.dir() 函数获取变量的所有属性:
dir(s)
结果为:['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'gender', 'name', 'score', 'whoAmI']
c.dir()返回的属性是字符串列表,如果已知一个属性名称,要获取或者设置对象的属性,就需要用 getattr() 和 setattr( )函数了:
getattr(s, 'name') # 获取name属性
结果为:'Bob'
setattr(s, 'name', 'Adam') # 设置新的name属性
s.name
结果为:'Adam'