计算机英语翻译技巧
Scientific English vs. General English
w 语音：等同，读音规则和发音方法无变化；
w 词汇：基本词汇是普通英语中固有的，高含大量的专业技术词汇和术语；
w 语法：遵循普通英语的法则，无独立的词法和句法系统，大量使用了被动语态、非谓语动词、名词化结构和从句
Scientific English: Vocabularies
w 构词和用词
n 纯科技词汇
n 通用科技词汇
n 半科技词汇
n 抽象名词
n 缩写词
w 词义
n 词义和用法由科技概念的连贯性、条理性和逻辑性决定
n 多数词汇意义和用法单一、稳定；
n 半科技词汇和功能词汇具有灵活性
Scientific English: Sentences
w 大量使用被动结构：
n 有助于将事物、过程和结果置于中心地位；
n 表述相对客观的内容；
n 紧凑、简短，表达准确、严谨和精炼。
w 广泛使用非谓语动词
w 短语动词多
w 后置定语多
w 长句、结构复杂
w 名词化结构多
Scientific English: Rhetoric
w 陈述句多、时态运用有限
w 虚拟语气多
n 假定、猜测、建议或怀疑；
n 表示谦逊、委婉。
w 祈使句多
w 省略、倒装和割裂现象多
w 文笔朴素
Scientific English translation skills
Translation Steps
w 通读原文，了解大意；
w 辨明语法关系，搞清逻辑关系；
w 根据主题确定词义；
w 选择翻译技巧；
w 通读译文，修改定稿
uation Criteria
w 忠实原文
w 条理通顺
Understanding Vocabularies
w 词义的选择
词类
With BCD, it’s possible to convert each decimal number into its binary equivalent (等价物)
专业内容
Most modern computers use a bus, or buses (总线), for interconnecting the major components of the system.
搭配习惯
register file (寄存器组)
语境
There are several architectural registers that are addressed (寻址) by special move instructions.
w 词义的引申
具体化
The transistor will do most of the things (作用) a triode tube will do.
抽象化
The term that is used to measure the computer’s speed is borrowed (借鉴) from the domain of electrical engineering.
Passive Voice Translation
w 译为汉语主动句
n 主语不变,通过加词(加以、经过)表达被动含义；
These characteristics are listed in Table 2-1 and described here.
这些特性列在表2-1中,并且加以解释:
n 泛指词（人们、大家）作主语，原主语译为宾语；
It is believed that…
It is considered that…
n 原文介词短语作主语，原主语译为宾语；
w 译为汉语主动句
n 翻译成汉语无主句
So far, four members of the Power PC family have been introduced.
目前，已经推出了4种Power PC系列的产品。
n 翻译成带表语的主动句
This surrogate program is referred to as a benchmark program, since it is used as a standard reference for comparing performance results.
这种代用程序叫做基准程序，因为它是用作比较最后性能的参考标准。
w 译为汉语被动句，用“被”、“为…所”、“使”、“由”等表示被动含义。
Long Sentences
顺译法：语法结构、时间顺序基本同汉语
倒译法：逻辑顺序同汉语相反时
分译法：原文包含多层意思时，为使行文简洁，将长句分解。为使语句连贯，可适当增加词语。
综合法：综合上述二至三种方法
w In fact, it might seem like a downright bad idea for a lot of devices to share what little bit of bandwidth (that) serial devices have traditionally had to work with.
事实上，让许多设备共享那一点传统上由串行设备使用的带宽，明显是一个下策。
增减翻译法
Everything always seems to need its own adapter card plugged into the bus. There are video cards for high-resolution video. There are game cards to drive your joysticks. There are sound cards to drive speakers and there are video-input cards to bring video into computer. And the list goes on and on.
所有的外设似乎都需要通过自己的适配卡来接入总线，例如：高分辨率视频卡、驱动操作杆的游戏卡、驱动话筒的声卡、以及把视频输入到计算机的视频输入卡，类似的设备还有很多
w 词量增减：
n 词量增加：重复英语省略的某些词，增加关联词，表达复数概念、时态加词等
n 词量减少：冠词、介词、连词和代词等
w 句量增减——分译与合译
n 分译法：长句、多层含义句或者复合句
n 合译法：把多个简单句合译为并列句，或者把复合句译为简单句
直译和意译
w 一般情况下直译为主
1) Put the intelligence into the devices, rather than into the computer.
将智能化放入这些外围设备中而不是放入计算机中。
w 需要时允许意译
1)The computer industry is striving to enclose a technology that is expanding to the point that mid- and high-speed digital peripheral devices are required into an ever shrinking footprint.中、高速数字化外设成了设备缩小的象征。计算机工业努力地去包含扩展到这种程度的技术
名词性从句
1)主语从句
·按照原文顺序 (what, who, whether, whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever)
·以it作形式主语的主语从句
(1) 分译：It is obvious that … 显然， …
(2) 句首同位语：It is a general rule that … …,这是普遍规律
(3) 合译法：It is important that … 重要的是…
2)宾语从句 (动词~、介词~、it形式宾语~、直接引语~)
·顺译
·倒译法 (except, besides, but的宾语从句译文提前)
We usually have CE homework except before a test.
除了测验前，我们一般都有计算机英语作业。
3)表语从句
·顺译
·倒译
(1) This is why… …，原因就在于此
(2) This is what… … ，就是这个意思（道理）
4)同位语从句
He expressed the hope that …
·顺译法
他表示了希望…
·倒译法
他表示了…的希望
·标点符号法
他表示了希望：…
·转译为宾语
他表示希望…
ATTRIBUTE CLAUSE
u 合译法
n简单结构定语从句： …的nas引导的定语从句
(1) such as, such…as…：像…之类的，…的一种
(2) the same…as：和…一样的，与…一样的
Many inventors followed the same principles as that French inventor had used in his invention.
许多发明家遵循（了）那个法国发明家在他的发明中采用的同样的（那些）原则。
u 分译法:
n适用情景：非限制性定语从句，用来修饰整个句子的定语从句，长限制性定语从句；
n翻译方法：独立翻译主句，将关系代词指代名词、物主代词+名词或者“这”作为第二个分句主语。
Linux is a clone of the UNIX operating system that runs on Intel 80x86-based machines, where x is 3 or higher.
Linux时Unix操作系统的克隆，它运行在基于Intel80x86的机器上，这里的x指3或者大于3的数字。
u 转译法
n转译为谓语：主句句型there be，从句谓语译为主句谓语
There are four separate products that form the Windows 2000 line of operating systems：…
四个独立的产品形成了Windows2000操作系统系列：…
n转译为同位语：定语从句为名词作表语的系表结构
Linux, which is a free UNIX clone, supports a wide range of software.
免费Unix克隆Linux支持的软件十分广泛。
n转译为状语：具有状语从句功能的定语从句
Computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.
尽管计算机有许多优点，但不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。
u 注释法：插在句子中的非限制性定于从句，起补充说明作用并且用其他方法较难翻译的句子，用括号注释
Linux is a clone of the UNIX operating system that runs on Intel 80x86-based machines, where x is 3 or higher.
Linux时Unix操作系统的克隆，它运行在基于Intel80x86 （其中x指3或者大于3的数字）的机器上。
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
u 顺译法
n 从句在先，主句在后：目的、原因、条件状语从句
n 主句在先，从句在后：从句起补充说明作用
Any task that is too complex to be described simply would be broken down into a set of smaller component tasks, until the tasks were sufficiently small and self–contained enough that they were easily understood.
任何一个复杂得无法描述的任务可以被分解成一系列较小的子任务，直到这些任务自主到易于理解的程度。
u 倒译法:
n 时间、地点状语从句后置；
n 目的、原因、条件等状语从句根据汉语逻辑语义确定
For the remainder of the program, the programmer would refer to the symbolic names rather than to the address when such items were to be processed.
对于其余的程序，当处理这些项目时，程序员将引用这些符号名称而非地址。
u 转译法
n 转译为并列句：短从句
The vapor pressure of water increases as the temperature is raised.
温度升高，水蒸汽气压增加。n 转译为其他状语：
（1）when, where译为“如果…”
（2）where译为“当…”
There are … when the decision … when placed at the end , it becomes a DOUNTIL loop.…
如果(判断)位于末尾，则是DOUNTIL循环。
u 缩译法：省略关联词，从句译为主句的修饰限定成分
Computers work so fast that they can solve a very difficult problem in a few seconds.
w 语音：等同，读音规则和发音方法无变化；
w 词汇：基本词汇是普通英语中固有的，高含大量的专业技术词汇和术语；
w 语法：遵循普通英语的法则，无独立的词法和句法系统，大量使用了被动语态、非谓语动词、名词化结构和从句
Scientific English: Vocabularies
w 构词和用词
n 纯科技词汇
n 通用科技词汇
n 半科技词汇
n 抽象名词
n 缩写词
w 词义
n 词义和用法由科技概念的连贯性、条理性和逻辑性决定
n 多数词汇意义和用法单一、稳定；
n 半科技词汇和功能词汇具有灵活性
Scientific English: Sentences
w 大量使用被动结构：
n 有助于将事物、过程和结果置于中心地位；
n 表述相对客观的内容；
n 紧凑、简短，表达准确、严谨和精炼。
w 广泛使用非谓语动词
w 短语动词多
w 后置定语多
w 长句、结构复杂
w 名词化结构多
Scientific English: Rhetoric
w 陈述句多、时态运用有限
w 虚拟语气多
n 假定、猜测、建议或怀疑；
n 表示谦逊、委婉。
w 祈使句多
w 省略、倒装和割裂现象多
w 文笔朴素
Scientific English translation skills
Translation Steps
w 通读原文，了解大意；
w 辨明语法关系，搞清逻辑关系；
w 根据主题确定词义；
w 选择翻译技巧；
w 通读译文，修改定稿
uation Criteria
w 忠实原文
w 条理通顺
Understanding Vocabularies
w 词义的选择
词类
With BCD, it’s possible to convert each decimal number into its binary equivalent (等价物)
专业内容
Most modern computers use a bus, or buses (总线), for interconnecting the major components of the system.
搭配习惯
register file (寄存器组)
语境
There are several architectural registers that are addressed (寻址) by special move instructions.
w 词义的引申
具体化
The transistor will do most of the things (作用) a triode tube will do.
抽象化
The term that is used to measure the computer’s speed is borrowed (借鉴) from the domain of electrical engineering.
Passive Voice Translation
w 译为汉语主动句
n 主语不变,通过加词(加以、经过)表达被动含义；
These characteristics are listed in Table 2-1 and described here.
这些特性列在表2-1中,并且加以解释:
n 泛指词（人们、大家）作主语，原主语译为宾语；
It is believed that…
It is considered that…
n 原文介词短语作主语，原主语译为宾语；
w 译为汉语主动句
n 翻译成汉语无主句
So far, four members of the Power PC family have been introduced.
目前，已经推出了4种Power PC系列的产品。
n 翻译成带表语的主动句
This surrogate program is referred to as a benchmark program, since it is used as a standard reference for comparing performance results.
这种代用程序叫做基准程序，因为它是用作比较最后性能的参考标准。
w 译为汉语被动句，用“被”、“为…所”、“使”、“由”等表示被动含义。
Long Sentences
顺译法：语法结构、时间顺序基本同汉语
倒译法：逻辑顺序同汉语相反时
分译法：原文包含多层意思时，为使行文简洁，将长句分解。为使语句连贯，可适当增加词语。
综合法：综合上述二至三种方法
w In fact, it might seem like a downright bad idea for a lot of devices to share what little bit of bandwidth (that) serial devices have traditionally had to work with.
事实上，让许多设备共享那一点传统上由串行设备使用的带宽，明显是一个下策。
增减翻译法
Everything always seems to need its own adapter card plugged into the bus. There are video cards for high-resolution video. There are game cards to drive your joysticks. There are sound cards to drive speakers and there are video-input cards to bring video into computer. And the list goes on and on.
所有的外设似乎都需要通过自己的适配卡来接入总线，例如：高分辨率视频卡、驱动操作杆的游戏卡、驱动话筒的声卡、以及把视频输入到计算机的视频输入卡，类似的设备还有很多
w 词量增减：
n 词量增加：重复英语省略的某些词，增加关联词，表达复数概念、时态加词等
n 词量减少：冠词、介词、连词和代词等
w 句量增减——分译与合译
n 分译法：长句、多层含义句或者复合句
n 合译法：把多个简单句合译为并列句，或者把复合句译为简单句
直译和意译
w 一般情况下直译为主
1) Put the intelligence into the devices, rather than into the computer.
将智能化放入这些外围设备中而不是放入计算机中。
w 需要时允许意译
1)The computer industry is striving to enclose a technology that is expanding to the point that mid- and high-speed digital peripheral devices are required into an ever shrinking footprint.中、高速数字化外设成了设备缩小的象征。计算机工业努力地去包含扩展到这种程度的技术
名词性从句
1)主语从句
·按照原文顺序 (what, who, whether, whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever)
·以it作形式主语的主语从句
(1) 分译：It is obvious that … 显然， …
(2) 句首同位语：It is a general rule that … …,这是普遍规律
(3) 合译法：It is important that … 重要的是…
2)宾语从句 (动词~、介词~、it形式宾语~、直接引语~)
·顺译
·倒译法 (except, besides, but的宾语从句译文提前)
We usually have CE homework except before a test.
除了测验前，我们一般都有计算机英语作业。
3)表语从句
·顺译
·倒译
(1) This is why… …，原因就在于此
(2) This is what… … ，就是这个意思（道理）
4)同位语从句
He expressed the hope that …
·顺译法
他表示了希望…
·倒译法
他表示了…的希望
·标点符号法
他表示了希望：…
·转译为宾语
他表示希望…
ATTRIBUTE CLAUSE
u 合译法
n简单结构定语从句： …的nas引导的定语从句
(1) such as, such…as…：像…之类的，…的一种
(2) the same…as：和…一样的，与…一样的
Many inventors followed the same principles as that French inventor had used in his invention.
许多发明家遵循（了）那个法国发明家在他的发明中采用的同样的（那些）原则。
u 分译法:
n适用情景：非限制性定语从句，用来修饰整个句子的定语从句，长限制性定语从句；
n翻译方法：独立翻译主句，将关系代词指代名词、物主代词+名词或者“这”作为第二个分句主语。
Linux is a clone of the UNIX operating system that runs on Intel 80x86-based machines, where x is 3 or higher.
Linux时Unix操作系统的克隆，它运行在基于Intel80x86的机器上，这里的x指3或者大于3的数字。
u 转译法
n转译为谓语：主句句型there be，从句谓语译为主句谓语
There are four separate products that form the Windows 2000 line of operating systems：…
四个独立的产品形成了Windows2000操作系统系列：…
n转译为同位语：定语从句为名词作表语的系表结构
Linux, which is a free UNIX clone, supports a wide range of software.
免费Unix克隆Linux支持的软件十分广泛。
n转译为状语：具有状语从句功能的定语从句
Computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.
尽管计算机有许多优点，但不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。
u 注释法：插在句子中的非限制性定于从句，起补充说明作用并且用其他方法较难翻译的句子，用括号注释
Linux is a clone of the UNIX operating system that runs on Intel 80x86-based machines, where x is 3 or higher.
Linux时Unix操作系统的克隆，它运行在基于Intel80x86 （其中x指3或者大于3的数字）的机器上。
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
u 顺译法
n 从句在先，主句在后：目的、原因、条件状语从句
n 主句在先，从句在后：从句起补充说明作用
Any task that is too complex to be described simply would be broken down into a set of smaller component tasks, until the tasks were sufficiently small and self–contained enough that they were easily understood.
任何一个复杂得无法描述的任务可以被分解成一系列较小的子任务，直到这些任务自主到易于理解的程度。
u 倒译法:
n 时间、地点状语从句后置；
n 目的、原因、条件等状语从句根据汉语逻辑语义确定
For the remainder of the program, the programmer would refer to the symbolic names rather than to the address when such items were to be processed.
对于其余的程序，当处理这些项目时，程序员将引用这些符号名称而非地址。
u 转译法
n 转译为并列句：短从句
The vapor pressure of water increases as the temperature is raised.
温度升高，水蒸汽气压增加。n 转译为其他状语：
（1）when, where译为“如果…”
（2）where译为“当…”
There are … when the decision … when placed at the end , it becomes a DOUNTIL loop.…
如果(判断)位于末尾，则是DOUNTIL循环。
u 缩译法：省略关联词，从句译为主句的修饰限定成分
Computers work so fast that they can solve a very difficult problem in a few seconds.