要开始系统学习LINUX USB驱动了(通用的驱动流程)

以USB串口驱动pl2303为例子分析。


首先是要有一个总管usb设备的驱动,就是定义在generic.c中的 usb_device_driver;该结构在usb.c中注册:

int usb_register_device_driver(struct usb_device_driver *new_udriver,
        struct module *owner)
{
    int retval = 0; 

    if (usb_disabled())
        return -ENODEV;

    new_udriver->drvwrap.for_devices = 1; 
    new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.name = (char *) new_udriver->name;
    new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.bus = &usb_bus_type;
    new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.probe = usb_probe_device;
    new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.remove = usb_unbind_device;
    new_udriver->drvwrap.driver.owner = owner;

    retval = driver_register(&new_udriver->drvwrap.driver);

    if (!retval) {
        pr_info("%s: registered new device driver %s\n",
            usbcore_name, new_udriver->name);
        usbfs_update_special();
    } else {
        printk(KERN_ERR "%s: error %d registering device "
            "   driver %s\n",
            usbcore_name, retval, new_udriver->name);
    }    

    return retval;
}

usb_register_device_driver(&usb_generic_driver, THIS_MODULE) -> driver_register(这是usb device驱动,for_devices = 1);

记住,整个usb驱动架构中就注册了一个这样的设备驱动。


其次是具体设备的usb驱动usb_driver(如PL2303),他们都是用usb_register ->usb_register_driver -> driver_register来注册的(这是注册USB interface驱动,for_devices = 0):

int usb_register_driver(struct usb_driver *new_driver, struct module *owner,
            const char *mod_name)
{
    int retval = 0;

    if (usb_disabled())
        return -ENODEV;

    new_driver->drvwrap.for_devices = 0;
    new_driver->drvwrap.driver.name = (char *) new_driver->name;
    new_driver->drvwrap.driver.bus = &usb_bus_type;
    new_driver->drvwrap.driver.probe = usb_probe_interface;
    new_driver->drvwrap.driver.remove = usb_unbind_interface;
    new_driver->drvwrap.driver.owner = owner;                                                                                                                  
    new_driver->drvwrap.driver.mod_name = mod_name;
    spin_lock_init(&new_driver->dynids.lock);
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(&new_driver->dynids.list);

    retval = driver_register(&new_driver->drvwrap.driver);
    if (retval)
        goto out;

    usbfs_update_special();

    retval = usb_create_newid_file(new_driver);
    if (retval)
        goto out_newid;

    retval = usb_create_removeid_file(new_driver);
    if (retval)
        goto out_removeid;
............................................................

这样,driver就已经添加到USB总线上来。但是还没有device;这是因为deivce是动态创建加载的。USB子系统加载后,会启动一个内核线程: kthread_run(hub_thread, NULL, "khubd")来监控usb设备的热拔插事件,其发现设备的大体流程是:

hub_events -> hub_port_connect_change -> usb_alloc_dev -> 创建udev,并且赋值:

    dev->dev.bus = &usb_bus_type;
    dev->dev.type = &usb_device_type;//这是以后匹配device_driver的依据
    dev->dev.groups = usb_device_groups;

                                                                             ->usb_new_device(udev) -> device_add,这样,就将检测到的USB设备添加到USB总线usb_bus_type上了。

而接着在device_add -> bus_probe_device中会用bus_for_each_drv遍历前面注册在usb总线上的驱动,这个时候总线上有很多device_driver,但是我们要调用前面usb_register_device_driver注册的通用设备描述符解析驱动。

这是如何匹配到的呢?进入USB总线usb_bus_type的match函数看看匹配规则就知道了:

static int usb_device_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)                                                                                     
{
    /* devices and interfaces are handled separately */
    if (is_usb_device(dev)) {

        /* interface drivers never match devices */
        if (!is_usb_device_driver(drv))
            return 0;

        /* TODO: Add real matching code */
        return 1;

    } else if (is_usb_interface(dev)) {
        struct usb_interface *intf;
        struct usb_driver *usb_drv;
        const struct usb_device_id *id; 

        /* device drivers never match interfaces */
        if (is_usb_device_driver(drv))
            return 0;

        intf = to_usb_interface(dev);
        usb_drv = to_usb_driver(drv);

        id = usb_match_id(intf, usb_drv->id_table);
        if (id) 
            return 1;

        id = usb_match_dynamic_id(intf, usb_drv);
        if (id) 
            return 1;
    }    

    return 0;
}

可以猜想,现在要匹配的是设备驱动,而不是接口驱动,而is_usb_device函数的定义为:

static inline int is_usb_device(const struct device *dev)                                                                                                      
{
    return dev->type == &usb_device_type;
}

根据前面usb_alloc_dev的赋值,该条件已经符合;接着is_usb_device_driver函数的定义:

static inline int is_usb_device_driver(struct device_driver *drv)                                                                                              
{           
    return container_of(drv, struct usbdrv_wrap, driver)->
            for_devices;
} 

刚好这里for_devices前面赋值为1,这样usb_device_match就匹配成功了,找到了new_driver->drvwrap.driver这个device_driver,并调用他的probe方法->usb_probe_device:

static int usb_probe_device(struct device *dev)                                                                                                                
{
.......
        error = udriver->probe(udev);
.......
}

做一些简单的判断然后调用generic.c的usb_device_driver结构体的probe。再次强调,这是通用的配置描述符驱动是根据上述分,所有的usb插入设备都析的规则找到它,并调用他的probe方法来获得配置描述符:

static int generic_probe(struct usb_device *udev)
{                                                                                                                                                              
    int err, c;

    /* Choose and set the configuration.  This registers the interfaces
     * with the driver core and lets interface drivers bind to them.
     */
    if (usb_device_is_owned(udev))
        ;       /* Don't configure if the device is owned */
    else if (udev->authorized == 0)
        dev_err(&udev->dev, "Device is not authorized for usage\n");
    else {
        c = usb_choose_configuration(udev);
        if (c >= 0) {
            err = usb_set_configuration(udev, c); 
            if (err) {
                dev_err(&udev->dev, "can't set config #%d, error %d\n",
                    c, err);
                /* This need not be fatal.  The user can try to
                 * set other configurations. */
            }   
        }   
    }   
    /* USB device state == configured ... usable */
    usb_notify_add_device(udev);

    return 0;
}

主要工作是在usb_set_configuration中,它根据选择到的配置描述符,设置到设备中,使该配置下的接口生效,并将每个接口抽象成一个device,用device_add(&intf->dev)添加到USB总线上去。重要的代码片段如下:

int usb_set_configuration(struct usb_device *dev, int configuration)
{
    int i, ret; 
    struct usb_host_config *cp = NULL;
    struct usb_interface **new_interfaces = NULL;
    struct usb_hcd *hcd = bus_to_hcd(dev->bus);
    int n, nintf;
。。。。。。
 new_interfaces = kmalloc(nintf * sizeof(*new_interfaces),
。。。。。。
        for (; n < nintf; ++n) {
            new_interfaces[n] = kzalloc(
                    sizeof(struct usb_interface),
                    GFP_NOIO);
。。。。。。
        usb_enable_interface(dev, intf, true);
        intf->dev.parent = &dev->dev;
        intf->dev.driver = NULL;
        intf->dev.bus = &usb_bus_type;
        intf->dev.type = &usb_if_device_type;
        intf->dev.groups = usb_interface_groups;
        intf->dev.dma_mask = dev->dev.dma_mask;
        INIT_WORK(&intf->reset_ws, __usb_queue_reset_device);
。。。。。。
    for (i = 0; i < nintf; ++i) {
        struct usb_interface *intf = cp->interface[i];

        dev_dbg(&dev->dev,
            "adding %s (config #%d, interface %d)\n",
            dev_name(&intf->dev), configuration,
            intf->cur_altsetting->desc.bInterfaceNumber);
        device_enable_async_suspend(&intf->dev);
        ret = device_add(&intf->dev);
        if (ret != 0) {
            dev_err(&dev->dev, "device_add(%s) --> %d\n",
                dev_name(&intf->dev), ret);
            continue;
        }
        create_intf_ep_devs(intf);
。。。。。。

这一次device_add又将匹配总线上的那个device_driver呢?回去看前面的match方法可知:

static inline int is_usb_interface(const struct device *dev)                                                                                                   
{
    return dev->type == &usb_if_device_type;
}

这个条件成立,调用usb_match_id(intf, usb_drv->id_table)和usb_match_dynamic_id匹配,这样说吧,这里是把从USB设备读取道德PID,VID和驱动中定义的进行匹配,如果有则匹配成功。我们PL2303的id_table定义了很多,如果还要添加新的ID,则在该id_table添加即可。

匹配成功后,调用通用的usb_probe_interface:

static int usb_probe_interface(struct device *dev)
{
。。。。。。
    if (intf->needs_altsetting0) {
        error = usb_set_interface(udev, intf->altsetting[0].
                desc.bInterfaceNumber, 0);
。。。。。。
    error = driver->probe(intf, id);

。。。。。。

调用具体驱动的probe,这里就是PL2303的probe了:

static struct usb_driver pl2303_driver = {                                                                                                                     
    .name =     "pl2303",
    .probe =    usb_serial_probe,
    .disconnect =   usb_serial_disconnect,
    .id_table = id_table,
    .suspend =      usb_serial_suspend,
    .resume =       usb_serial_resume,
    .no_dynamic_id =    1,
    .supports_autosuspend = 1,
};

usb_serial_probe,这里看到有趣的事情,usb-serial.c 中的probe也指向usb_serial_probe,按理说应该是先找到usb-serial.c 的porbe,然后再通过它找到pl2303的probe。这里可能是usb-serial.c 作为一个通用的函数接口代码,并没有定义PID,VID;但是USB核心的匹配规则偏偏是匹配该ID,所以为了迎合USB的架构,usb serial也没有别的好办法,只好把PL2303的probe指向了usb-serial.c 的porbe,在该probe中统一处理端点描述符。

从上面可以看出,USB子系统已经为我们实现了大部分架构,我们驱动要做的事情只要实现接口描述符(interface descriptor)的处理即可,这就要求根据USB协议规则和具体的USB芯片手册来操作。

下一篇就来分析常用的USB协议和一个具体的接口描述符驱动。










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