剑桥雅思3_Reading Passage 2

1. subsidise v.资助，行贿

subsidy n.津贴，财政拨款

e.g.：They actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources.

 

 

2. consumption (n.) 消费、消耗

  consume (v.)

   e.g.: They actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources.

 

3. bonus (n.) 奖金、红利、额外的好处

  e.g.: Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy.

 

4. confront (v.) 勇敢正视

  confrontation (n.)

  e.g.: Growth and environmentalism can actually do hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.

 

5. proportion (n.) 比例

  percentage

  e.g.: It shapes a third of the planet’s land area and the proportion is rising.

 

6. irrigation (n.) 灌溉

  irrigate (v.)

  e.g.: Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation.

 

7. deforestation (n.) 乱砍乱伐

  e.g.: Land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation.

 

8. fertilizer (n.) 化肥

  fertile (adj.)   fertilise (v.)

  e.g.: Chemical fertilizer and pesticides may contaminate water supplies.

 

9. pesticide (n.) 杀虫剂

  insecticide  杀虫剂  herbicide 除草剂

  e.g.: Chemicalfertilizer and pesticides may contaminate water supplies.

 

10. contaminate (v.) =pollute

   contamination (n.)  污染  contaminant (n.) 污染物

   e.g.: Chemicalfertilizer and pesticides may contaminate water supplies.

 

11. intensive (adj.) 精心的、深入细致的、集中的

   e.g.: More intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion.

 

12. abandonment (n.) 抛弃

   abandon (v.)

   e.g.: More intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion.

 

13. exacerbate (v.) 使加剧、使恶化

   exacerbation (n.)

   e.g.: More intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion.

 

14. erosion n.侵蚀

erode v.侵蚀

e.g.：More intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion

 

15.accompany (v.) 陪伴、伴随

   e.g.: The spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants.

 

16. diminish (v.) 减少、降低、削弱

   e.g.: About one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity.

 

17. subsequent (adj.) 随后的、后来的

   e.g.: The government subsequently embarked upon a program to……

 

18. embark upon 开始、着手

   e.g.: The government subsequently embarked upon a program to……

 

19. convert (v.) 转变、变换

   convertible（adj.）

   e.g.: The government subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest.

 

20. vanish (v.) 消失 =disappear

   e.g.: Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.

 

21. compound (v.) 使更坏、使加剧

   →exacerbate （v.）

   →deteriorate  (v.)

   e.g.: government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage.

 

24. immense (adj.) 巨大的

   → enormous

   → numerous

   → tremendous

   e.g.: The annual value of these subsidies is immense.

 

25. option (n.) 选择

   opt (v.)

   optional (adj.)

   e.g.: To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer’s easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides.

 

26. readily available 随时可得到的

e.g.：To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer’s easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides.

 

27. application (n.) 应用

   apply (v.)

e.g.: The quantity of pesticide applied has risen too; by 69 percent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 percent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.

 

28. diversify (v.) 使多样化

   diversity (n.) 多样化

   e.g.: Farms began to diversify.

 

29. eliminate (v.) 消除

   e.g.: In less enlightened countries, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies.

 

30. environmentally friendly 环保的

   e.g.: Encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways.

 

31. incentive (n.) 激励

   →motivation

   e.g.: It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives.

 

32. contribute to 导致

   → give rise to

   e.g.: They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect.

 

33. greenhouse effect 温室效应

   e.g.: They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect.

 

34. aggravate (v.) 加重，使恶化

   →compound  (v.)

   →exacerbate （v.）

   →deteriorate  (v.)

   e.g.: In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage.

 

35. artificial adj.人造的，伪造的，假装的

artifact n.手工艺品（同义替换：craft）

e.g.：Subsidies for pesticides and artificial fertilisers encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get the highest economic crop yield.

 

36. resistant (adj.) 有抵抗力的

   resist (v.)   resistance (n.)

e.g.: With pest-resistant varieties of rice, even moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved.

 

37. lethal (adj.) 致命的

   →deadly

   →fatal

   e.g.: Next year’s poisons must be more lethal.

 

38. overuse (n.) 过量使用

   →overestimate    overdose    overstaffed

   e.g.: Overuse of fertilizers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops.

 

39. negotiation n.谈判

negotiator n.谈判者

e.g.：A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 per cent In the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990.

 

40. outcome (n.) 结果

   e.g.: Some environmentalists worry about this outcome.

 

41. desirable (adj.) 理想的

   →ideal

e.g.: It will also have many desirable environmental effects.

 

42. intensity (n.) 强烈、剧烈

  e.g.: The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline.