errno的启示

一、errno的由来
    在C编程中，errno是个不可缺少的变量，特别是在网络编程中。如果你没有用过errno，那只能说明你的程序不够健壮。当然，如果你是WIN32平台的GetLastError()，效果也是一样的。
    为什么会使用errno呢？个人认为，这是系统库设计中的一个无奈之举，他更多的是个技巧，而不是架构上的需要。我们观察下函数结构，可以发现，函数的参数返回值只有一个，这个返回值一般可以携带错误信息，比如负数表示错误，而正数表述正确的返回值，比如recv函数。但是对于一些返回指针的函数，如：char *get_str()；这个方法显然没有用的。NULL可以表示发生错误，但是发生什么错误却毫无办法。于是，errno就诞生了。全局变量errno可以存放错误原因，当错误发生时，函数的返回值是可以通过非法值来提示错误的发生。

二、errno的线程安全
    errno是全局变量，但是在多线程环境下，就会变得很恐怖。当你调用一个函数时，发现这个函数发生了错误，但当你使用错误原因时，他却变成了另外一个线程的错误提示。想想就会觉得是件可怕的事情。
    将errno设置为线程局部变量是个不错的主意，事实上，GCC中就是这么干的。他保证了线程之间的错误原因不会互相串改，当你在一个线程中串行执行一系列过程，那么得到的errno仍然是正确的。

    看下，bits/errno.h的定义：

# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__
/* Function to get address of global `errno' variable. */
extern int *__errno_location (void) __THROW __attribute__ ((__const__));

# if !defined _LIBC || defined _LIBC_REENTRANT
/* When using threads, errno is a per-thread value. */
#   define errno (*__errno_location ())
# endif
# endif /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */

而errno.h中是这样定义的：

/* Declare the `errno' variable, unless it's defined as a macro by
   bits/errno.h. This is the case in GNU, where it is a per-thread
   variable. This redeclaration using the macro still works, but it
   will be a function declaration without a prototype and may trigger
   a -Wstrict-prototypes warning. */
#ifndef errno
extern int errno;
#endif

显然，errno实际上，并不是我们通常认为的是个整型数值，而是通过整型指针来获取值的。这个整型就是线程安全的。

三、errno的实现
static pthread_key_t key;
static pthread_once_t key_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;

static void make_key()
{
(void) pthread_key_create(&key, NULL);
}

int *_errno()
{
int *ptr ;

(void) pthread_once(&key_once, make_key);
if ((ptr = pthread_getspecific(key)) == NULL)
{
ptr = malloc(sizeof(int));
(void) pthread_setspecific(key, ptr);
}

return ptr ;
}


四、errno的应用
    errno在库中得到广泛的应用，但是，错误编码实际上不止那么多。我们需要在自己的系统中增加更多的错误编码。一种方式就是直接利用errno，另外一种方式就是定义自己的user_errno。
   使用errno，strerror可能无法解析，这需要自己解决。但errno使用线程变量的方式值得借鉴。

  errno .h errno.h- -                                      
查看错误代码errno是调试程序的一个重要方法。当linuc C api函数发生异常时,一般会将errno变量(需include errno.h)赋一个整数值,不同的值表示不同的含义,可以通过查看该值推测出错的原因。在实际编程中用这一招解决了不少原本看来莫名其妙的问题。比较麻烦的是每次都要去linux源代码里面查找错误代码的含义，现在把它贴出来，以后需要查时就来这里看了。
以下来自linux 2.4.20-18的内核代码中的/usr/include/asm/errno.h
#ifndef _I386_ERRNO_H
#define _I386_ERRNO_H
#define EPERM   1 /* Operation not permitted */
#define ENOENT   2 /* No such file or directory */
#define ESRCH   3 /* No such process */
#define EINTR   4 /* Interrupted system call */
#define EIO       5 /* I/O error */
#define ENXIO   6 /* No such device or address */
#define E2BIG   7 /* Arg list too long */
#define ENOEXEC   8 /* Exec format error */
#define EBADF   9 /* Bad file number */
#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */
#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */
#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */
#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */
#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */
#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */
#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */
#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */
#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */
#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */
#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */
#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */
#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */
#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */
#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */
#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */
#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */
#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */
#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */
#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */
#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */
#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */
#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */
#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */
#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */
#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */
#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */
#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */
#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */
#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */
#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */
#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */
#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */
#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */
#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */
#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */
#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */

#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */
#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */
#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */
#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */
#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */
#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */
#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */
#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */
#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */
#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */
#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */
#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */
#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */
#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */
#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */
#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */
#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */
#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */
#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */
#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */
#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */
#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */
#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */
#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */
#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */
#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */
#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */
#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */
#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */
#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */
#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */
#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */
#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */
#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */
#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */
#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */
#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */
#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */
#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */
#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */
#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */
#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */
#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */
#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */
#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */
#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */
#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */
#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */
#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */
#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */
#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */
#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */
#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */
#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */
#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */
#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */
#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */
#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */
#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */
#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */
#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */
#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */
#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */
#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */
#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */
#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */
#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
#endif