CentOS 7继承了RHEL 7的新的特性,例如强大的systemctl,而systemctl的使用也使得系统服务的/etc/init.d的启动脚本的方式发生重大改变,也大幅提高了系统服务的运行效率。但服务的配置和以往也发生了极大的不同,变的简单而易用了许多(仁者见仁,米扑博客)。
systemd提供更优秀的框架以表示系统服务间的依赖关系,实现系统初始化时服务的并行启动,同时达到降低Shell的系统开销的效果。
systemd 目标是:尽可能启动更少进程;尽可能将更多进程并行启动,systemd尽可能减少对shell脚本的依赖。
systemd单位类型
systemctl –type=单位类型,用来过滤单位,
例如: systemctl –type=service
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[root@mimvp_usa ~]
# systemctl --type=service
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
aegis.service loaded active running LSB: aegis update.
agentwatch.service loaded active exited SYSV: Starts and stops guest agent
aliyun.service loaded active running auto run aliyunservice or agent
crond.service loaded active running Command Scheduler
dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus
[email protected] loaded active running Getty on tty1
httpd.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server
kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes
for
the current kernel
lvm2-lvmetad.service loaded active running LVM2 metadata daemon
lvm2-monitor.service loaded active exited Monitoring of LVM2 mirrors, snapshots etc. using dmeventd or progress
mariadb.service loaded active running MariaDB database server
● mongod.service loaded failed failed SYSV: Mongo is a scalable, document-oriented database.
mongodb.service loaded active running mongodb
network.service loaded active exited LSB: Bring up
/down
networking
nscd.service loaded active running Name Service Cache Daemon
ntpd.service loaded active running Network Time Service
polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager
rc-
local
.service loaded active exited
/etc/rc
.d
/rc
.
local
Compatibility
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服务(service):管理着后台服务;
挂载(mount)自动挂载(automount):用来挂载文件系统;
目票(target):运行级别;
套接字(socket):用来创建套接字,并在访问套接字后,立即利用依赖关系间接地启动另一单位;
开机服务管理
CentOS 7的服务systemctl脚本存放在:/usr/lib/systemd/,有系统(system)和用户(user)之分,
/usr/lib/systemd/system/
/usr/lib/systemd/user/
像需要开机不登陆就能运行的程序,存在系统服务,即:/usr/lib/systemd/system/ 目录下
每一个服务以.service结尾,一般会分为3部分:[Unit]、[Service]、[Install]
[Unit] 主要是对这个服务的说明,内容包括Description和After,Description用于描述服务,After用于描述服务类别
[Service] 是服务的关键,是服务的一些具体运行参数的设置,
Type=forking是后台运行的形式,
PIDFile为存放PID的文件路径,
ExecStart为服务的具体运行命令,
ExecReload为重启命令,
ExecStop为停止命令,
PrivateTmp=True表示给服务分配独立的临时空间
注意:[Service]部分的启动、重启、停止命令全部要求使用绝对路径,使用相对路径则会报错!
[Install] 是服务安装的相关设置,可设置为多用户的
服务脚本按照上面编写完成后,以754的权限保存在/usr/lib/systemd/system/目录下,这时就可以利用systemctl进行配置
示例:
自定义 mongodb 开机启动
vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/mongodb.service
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[Unit]
Description=mongodb
After=auditd.service systemd-user-sessions.service
time
-
sync
.target network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=
/var/run/mongodb/mongod
.pid
ExecStart=
/root/script/mongo_server_start
.sh
ExecStop=
/root/script/mongo_server_stop
.sh
PrivateTmp=
true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
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systemctl 配置命令
systemctl status mongodb.service // 查看mongodb启动状态
systemctl start mongodb.service // 启动 mongodb
systemctl stop mongodb.service // 关闭 mongodb
systemctl enable mongodb.service // 开机启动 mongodb 服务
systemctl disable mongodb.service // 开机关闭 mongodb 服务
示例:
systemctl status mongodb.service
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● mongodb.service - mongodb
Loaded: loaded (
/usr/lib/systemd/system/mongodb
.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-06-15 19:05:41 CST; 2min 24s ago
Process: 1143 ExecStop=
/root/script/mongo_server_stop
.sh (code=exited, status=1
/FAILURE
)
Process: 1158 ExecStart=
/root/script/mongo_server_start
.sh (code=exited, status=0
/SUCCESS
)
Main PID: 1161 (mongod)
CGroup:
/system
.slice
/mongodb
.service
└─1161
/usr/bin/mongod
-f
/etc/mongod
.conf
Jun 15 19:05:41 mimvp_usa systemd[1]: Starting mongodb...
Jun 15 19:05:41 mimvp_usa mongo_server_start.sh[1158]: about to fork child process, waiting
until
server is ready
for
con...ions.
Jun 15 19:05:41 mimvp_usa mongo_server_start.sh[1158]: forked process: 1161
Jun 15 19:05:41 mimvp_usa mongo_server_start.sh[1158]: child process started successfully, parent exiting
Jun 15 19:05:41 mimvp_usa systemd[1]: Started mongodb.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show
in
full.
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systemctl 虽然比较陌生,但是其实比init.d那种方式简单不少,而且使用简单,systemctl能简化的操作还有很多,现在也有不少的资料,看来RHEL/CentOS比其他的Linux发行版还是比较先进的,此次更新也终于舍弃了Linux 2.6内核,无论是速度还是稳定性都提升不少。