R语言的基本操作

关于包（packages）

1. 列出包所在库的路径

.libPaths()
[1] "C:/Program Files/R/R-3.0.2/library"
2. 安装包，括号里面包的名称要加英文引号，在列出的CRAN镜像站点列表中选择一个进行下载，我一般选的是China(Hefei)
install.packages()
例如,install.packages("ggplot2")
3. 包的载入library()或require()，安装完包后，需要加载才能使用其中的函数，此时括号中不使用引号。两者的不同之处在于library()载入之后不返回任何信息，而require()载入后则会返回TRUE，因此require()适合用于程序的书写。
例如
library(ggplto2)
> require(foreign)
Loading required package: foreign
> is.logical(require(foreign))
[1] TRUE
4. 包的更新
update.packages()
5. 包的帮助信息 格式如下，可以查看包中的函数以及说明
help(package="ggplot2")
6. 查看本地的包
6.1 查看默认加载的包，忽略基本的包
getOption("defaultPackages")
> getOption("defaultPackages")
[1] "datasets" "utils" "grDevices" "graphics" "stats" "methods"
[7] "ggplot2"
6.2 查看当前已经加载过的包
(.packages())
[1] "ggplot2" "stats" "graphics" "grDevices" "utils" "datasets" "methods" "base"
6.3 要显示所有可用的包
(.packages(all.available=TRUE))
> (.packages(all.available=TRUE))
[1] "abind" "agricolae" "aplpack" "base" "bitops"
[6] "boot" "car" "caTools" "class" "cluster"
[11] "codetools" "colorRamps" "colorspace" "compiler" "datasets"
[16] "Defaults" "devtools" "dichromat" "digest" "doBy"
[21] "e1071" "effects" "ellipse" "evaluate" "foreign"
[26] "formatR" "Formula" "gdata" "ggplot2" "ggthemes"
[31] "gmodels" "gplots" "graphics" "grDevices" "grid"
[36] "gtable" "gtools" "highr" "Hmisc" "httr"
[41] "KernSmooth" "knitr" "labeling" "lattice" "latticeExtra"
[46] "leaps" "lme4" "lmtest" "LSD" "manipulate"
[51] "markdown" "MASS" "Matrix" "matrixcalc" "memoise"
[56] "methods" "mgcv" "minqa" "multcomp" "munsell"
[61] "mvtnorm" "nlme" "nnet" "nortest" "parallel"
[66] "pixmap" "plyr" "proto" "psych" "quantmod"
[71] "Rcmdr" "RColorBrewer" "Rcpp" "RcppEigen" "RCurl"
[76] "relimp" "reshape2" "rgl" "rJava" "RODBC"
[81] "rpart" "rstudio" "samplesize" "sandwich" "scales"
[86] "schoolmath" "sciplot" "sem" "spatial" "splines"
[91] "stats" "stats4" "stringr" "survival" "tcltk"
[96] "tcltk2" "TH.data" "tools" "TTR" "utils"
[101] "VennDiagram" "whisker" "XLConnect" "xts" "zoo"
7. 卸载包detach()，这是library()的反向操作，此操作主要是为了避免某些包中的函数名称相同，造成冲突，注意与library()的参数不同，detach()参数为detach(package:包的名称),library(包的名称)。
例如
> library(ggplot2) #加载包
> (.packages()) #列出当前已经加载的包
[1] "ggplot2" "stats" "graphics" "grDevices" "utils" "datasets"
[7] "methods" "base"
> detach(package:ggplot2) # 卸载ggplot2包
> (.packages()) #列出当前已经加载的包
[1] "stats" "graphics" "grDevices" "utils" "datasets" "methods"
[7] "base"
8． 自定义启动时候的加载包
如果需要长期使用某个包的话，每次开启都需要输入library()，比较麻烦，因此可以让R启动时自动加载某些包。在R的安装目录/etc/Rprofile.site加入下载语句：
例如让R启动时自动加载ggplot2包
local({old <- getOption("defaultPackages")
options(defaultPackages = c(old, "ggplot2"))})
9. 在文章中引用R软件包，例如引用ggplot2包：
citation(package="ggplot2")
To cite ggplot2 in publications, please use:

H. Wickham. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer New
York, 2009.

A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is

@Book{,
author = {Hadley Wickham},
title = {ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis},
publisher = {Springer New York},
year = {2009},
isbn = {978-0-387-98140-6},
url = {http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/book},

}

基本操作

分配：<- assign =

注释:#

帮助: help()  ??  example等。。。