GSC3280的ADC子系统驱动模型（三）----class的使用

        一个类是一个设备的高层视图，它抽象掉了底层的实现细节。例如，在驱动层面时，你可能会见到SCSI磁盘或者ATA磁盘；但在类层面时，它们都是磁盘。类允许用户空间基于它们做什么来使用设备，而不是它们如何被连接或者它们如何工作。
        在《 GSC3280的ADC子系统驱动模型（一）》的3.1，程序adc_class = class_create (THIS_MODULE , "adc" ) ;产生一个class，class_create()函数如下：

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struct class  {
    const char        *name;
    struct module        *owner;

    struct class_attribute        *class_attrs;
    struct device_attribute        *dev_attrs;
    struct bin_attribute        *dev_bin_attrs;
    struct kobject            *dev_kobj;

    int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
    char *(*devnode)(struct device *dev, mode_t *mode);

    void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
    void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);

    int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
    int (*resume)(struct device *dev);

    const struct kobj_ns_type_operations  *ns_type;
    const void  *(*namespace)(struct device *dev);

    const struct dev_pm_ops  *pm;

    struct subsys_private *p;
};
#define class_create(owner, name)        \
({                        \
    static struct lock_class_key __key;    \
    __class_create(owner, name, &__key);    \
})
struct class *__class_create(struct module *owner,  const char *name,
             struct lock_class_key *key)
{
    struct class  *cls;
    int retval;

    cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (!cls) {
        retval =  -ENOMEM;
        goto error;
    }

    cls->name = name;
    cls->owner = owner;
    cls->class_release = class_create_release;

    retval = __class_register(cls, key);
    if (retval)
        goto error;

    return cls;

error:
    kfree(cls);
    return ERR_PTR(retval);
}
int __class_register(struct class *cls, struct lock_class_key *key)
{
    struct subsys_private *cp;
    int error;

    pr_debug("device class '%s': registering\n", cls->name);

    cp = kzalloc(sizeof(*cp), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (!cp)
        return -ENOMEM;
    klist_init(&cp->klist_devices, klist_class_dev_get, klist_class_dev_put);
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cp->class_interfaces);
    kset_init(&cp->glue_dirs);
    __mutex_init(&cp->class_mutex, "struct class mutex", key);
    error = kobject_set_name(&cp->subsys.kobj, "%s", cls->name);
    if (error) {
        kfree(cp);
        return error;
    }

    /*  set the default /sys/dev directory for devices of this  class */
    if (!cls->dev_kobj)
        cls->dev_kobj = sysfs_dev_char_kobj;

#if defined(CONFIG_BLOCK)
    /*  let the block class directory show up  in the root of sysfs */
    if (!sysfs_deprecated || cls  != &block_class)
        cp->subsys.kobj.kset = class_kset;
#else
    cp->subsys.kobj.kset = class_kset;
#endif
    cp->subsys.kobj.ktype = &class_ktype;
    cp->class = cls;
    cls->p = cp;

    error = kset_register(&cp->subsys);
    if (error) {
        kfree(cp);
        return error;
    }
    error = add_class_attrs(class_get(cls));
    class_put(cls);
    return error;
}

        说明：
        1) class_create()函数是一个宏定义，具体调用了__class_create()函数。
        2) __class_create()函数首先申请了一个class结构体内存，然后对其结构体成员变量赋值，最后调用__class_register ( )函数注册类。
        3) __class_register ( )函数中，首先申请了结构体subsys_private内存，从class结构体成员可以看到，subsys_private是其一个成员指针。
        4) 然后就是对subsys_private的成员变量初始化，注册 subsys 的kset，增加类属性等。
        在《 GSC3280的ADC子系统驱动模型（二）》的2.1中，介绍了sysfs的初始化，程序如下：

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void __init adc_sysfs_init(struct class *adc_class)
{
    adc_class->dev_attrs = adc_attrs;
}

        说明：
        1) 此处的类即是上面我们使用class_creat()创建的类。
        2) 对类中的设备属性赋值，下面会讲述。
        在《 GSC3280的ADC子系统驱动模型（一）》的3.2中，首先使用程序adc - >dev . class = adc_class ;将我们上面定义的类赋值给dev中的类，然后程序 err = device_register ( &adc - >dev ) ;注册这个设备，在这里的设备注册函数中，我们主要关注设备结构体中类的注册。device_register()函数如下：

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int device_register(struct device *dev)
{
    device_initialize(dev);
    return device_add(dev);
}
void device_initialize(struct device  *dev)
{
    dev->kobj.kset = devices_kset;
    kobject_init(&dev->kobj, &device_ktype);
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->dma_pools);
    mutex_init(&dev->mutex);
    lockdep_set_novalidate_class(&dev->mutex);
    spin_lock_init(&dev->devres_lock);
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->devres_head);
    device_pm_init(dev);
    set_dev_node(dev, -1);
}
int device_add(struct device *dev)
{
    struct device *parent  = NULL;
    struct class_interface *class_intf;
    int error = -EINVAL;

    dev = get_device(dev);
    if (!dev)
        goto done;

    if (!dev->p) {
        error  = device_private_init(dev);
        if (error)
            goto done;
    }

    /*
     * for statically allocated devices, which should all be converted
     * some day, we need to initialize the name. We prevent reading back
     * the name, and force the use of dev_name()
     */
    if (dev->init_name) {
        dev_set_name(dev, "%s", dev->init_name);
        dev->init_name = NULL;
    }

    if (!dev_name(dev)) {
        error  = -EINVAL;
        goto name_error;
    }

    pr_debug("device: '%s': %s\n", dev_name(dev), __func__);

    parent = get_device(dev->parent);
    setup_parent(dev, parent);

    /* use parent numa_node */
    if (parent)
        set_dev_node(dev, dev_to_node(parent));

    /* first, register with generic layer. */
    /* we require the name to be set before, and pass NULL */
    error = kobject_add(&dev->kobj, dev->kobj.parent, NULL);
    if (error)
        goto Error;

    /* notify platform of device entry */
    if (platform_notify)
        platform_notify(dev);

    error = device_create_file(dev, &uevent_attr);
    if (error)
        goto attrError;

    if (MAJOR(dev->devt)) {
        error  = device_create_file(dev, &devt_attr);
        if (error)
            goto ueventattrError;

        error  = device_create_sys_dev_entry(dev);
        if (error)
            goto devtattrError;

        devtmpfs_create_node(dev);
    }

    error = device_add_class_symlinks(dev);
    if (error)
        goto SymlinkError;
    error = device_add_attrs(dev);
    if  (error)
        goto AttrsError;
    error = bus_add_device(dev);
    if (error)
        goto BusError;
    error = dpm_sysfs_add(dev);
    if (error)
        goto DPMError;
    device_pm_add(dev);

    /* Notify clients of device addition. This call must come
     * after dpm_sysf_add() and before kobject_uevent().
     */
    if (dev->bus)
        blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
                     BUS_NOTIFY_ADD_DEVICE, dev);

    kobject_uevent(&dev->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
    bus_probe_device(dev);
    if (parent)
        klist_add_tail(&dev->p->knode_parent,
             &parent->p->klist_children);

    if (dev->class) {
        mutex_lock(&dev->class->p->class_mutex);
        /* tie the class to the device */
        klist_add_tail(&dev->knode_class,
             &dev->class->p->klist_devices);

        /* notify any interfaces that the device is here */
        list_for_each_entry(class_intf,
                 &dev->class->p->class_interfaces, node)
            if  (class_intf->add_dev)
                class_intf->add_dev(dev, class_intf);
        mutex_unlock(&dev->class->p->class_mutex);
    }
done:
    put_device(dev);
    return error;
 DPMError:
    bus_remove_device(dev);
 BusError:
    device_remove_attrs(dev);
 AttrsError:
    device_remove_class_symlinks(dev);
 SymlinkError:
    if (MAJOR(dev->devt))
        devtmpfs_delete_node(dev);
    if (MAJOR(dev->devt))
        device_remove_sys_dev_entry(dev);
 devtattrError:
    if (MAJOR(dev->devt))
        device_remove_file(dev, &devt_attr);
 ueventattrError:
    device_remove_file(dev, &uevent_attr);
 attrError:
    kobject_uevent(&dev->kobj, KOBJ_REMOVE);
    kobject_del(&dev->kobj);
 Error:
    cleanup_device_parent(dev);
    if (parent)
        put_device(parent);
name_error:
    kfree(dev->p);
    dev->p = NULL;
    goto done;
}

        说明：
        1) device_register()函数首先调用device_initialize (dev ) ;对dev成员初始化。
        2) 然后调用device_add()函数增加设备。 其中的device_add_attrs ( dev ) 函数完成对类成员中的设备属性初始化，具体程序如下：

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static int device_add_attrs(struct device *dev)
{
    struct class  *class = dev->class;
    const struct device_type  *type = dev->type;
    int error;

    if (class) {
        error  = device_add_attributes(dev, class->dev_attrs);
        if (error)
            return error;
        error  = device_add_bin_attributes(dev, class->dev_bin_attrs);
        if (error)
            goto err_remove_class_attrs;
    }

    if (type) {
        error  = device_add_groups(dev, type->groups);
        if (error)
            goto err_remove_class_bin_attrs;
    }

    error = device_add_groups(dev, dev->groups);
    if (error)
        goto err_remove_type_groups;

    return 0;

 err_remove_type_groups:
    if (type)
        device_remove_groups(dev, type->groups);
 err_remove_class_bin_attrs:
    if (class)
        device_remove_bin_attributes(dev, class->dev_bin_attrs);
 err_remove_class_attrs:
    if (class)
        device_remove_attributes(dev, class->dev_attrs);

    return error;
}

        说明：
        1) 由上面可知，dev成员中有class成员，但是class中只有对dev_attrs赋值了，dev成员中没有groups成员，所以此处执行的函数为device_add_attributes (dev , class - >dev_attrs )，程序如下：

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static int device_add_attributes(struct device *dev,
                 struct device_attribute *attrs)
{
    int error = 0;
    int i;

    if (attrs) {
        for (i = 0; attr_name(attrs[i]); i++) {
            error  = device_create_file(dev, &attrs[i]);
            if  (error)
                break;
        }
        if (error)
            while  (--i >= 0)
                device_remove_file(dev, &attrs[i]);
    }
    return error;
}

        说明：
        1) 最后是调用device_create_file (dev , &attrs [i ] ) ;产生文件的。此函数在其他文章中会介绍。