一、避免在循环条件中使用复杂表达式
在不做编译优化的情况下,在循环中,循环条件会被反复计算,如果不使用复杂表达式,而使循环条件值不变的话,程序将会运行的更快。
例子:
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- import java.util.vector;
- class cel {
- void method (vector vector) {
- for (int i = 0; i < vector.size (); i++)
- ;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.util.vector;
class cel {
void method (vector vector) {
for (int i = 0; i < vector.size (); i++) // violation
; // ...
}
}
</span>
更正:
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- class cel_fixed {
- void method (vector vector) {
- int size = vector.size ()
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
- ;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">class cel_fixed {
void method (vector vector) {
int size = vector.size ()
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
; // ...
}
}</span>
二、为'vectors' 和 'hashtables'定义初始大小
jvm为vector扩充大小的时候需要重新创建一个更大的数组,将原原先数组中的内容复制过来,最后,原先的数组再被回收。可见vector容量的扩大是一个颇费时间的事。
通常,默认的10个元素大小是不够的。你最好能准确的估计你所需要的最佳大小。
例子:
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- import java.util.vector;
- public class dic {
- public void addobjects (object[] o) {
-
- for (int i = 0; i< o.length;i++) {
- v.add(o);
- }
- }
- public vector v = new vector();
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.util.vector;
public class dic {
public void addobjects (object[] o) {
// if length > 10, vector needs to expand
for (int i = 0; i< o.length;i++) {
v.add(o); // capacity before it can add more elements.
}
}
public vector v = new vector(); // no initialcapacity.
}
</span>
更正:
自己设定初始大小。
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- public vector v = new vector(20);
- public hashtable hash = new hashtable(10);
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;"> public vector v = new vector(20);
public hashtable hash = new hashtable(10);</span>
三、在finally块中关闭stream
程序中使用到的资源应当被释放,以避免资源泄漏。这最好在finally块中去做。不管程序执行的结果如何,finally块总是会执行的,以确保资源的正确关闭。
例子:
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- import java.io.*;
- public class cs {
- public static void main (string args[]) {
- cs cs = new cs ();
- cs.method ();
- }
- public void method () {
- try {
- fileinputstream fis = new fileinputstream ("cs.java");
- int count = 0;
- while (fis.read () != -1)
- count++;
- system.out.println (count);
- fis.close ();
- } catch (filenotfoundexception e1) {
- } catch (ioexception e2) {
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.io.*;
public class cs {
public static void main (string args[]) {
cs cs = new cs ();
cs.method ();
}
public void method () {
try {
fileinputstream fis = new fileinputstream ("cs.java");
int count = 0;
while (fis.read () != -1)
count++;
system.out.println (count);
fis.close ();
} catch (filenotfoundexception e1) {
} catch (ioexception e2) {
}
}
}</span>
更正:
在最后一个catch后添加一个finally块
四、使用'system.arraycopy ()'代替通过来循环复制数组
'system.arraycopy ()' 要比通过循环来复制数组快的多。
例子:
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- public class irb
- {
- void method () {
- int[] array1 = new int [100];
- for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
- array1 [i] = i;
- }
- int[] array2 = new int [100];
- for (int i = 0; i < array2.length; i++) {
- array2 [i] = array1 [i];
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class irb
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array2.length; i++) {
array2 [i] = array1 [i]; // violation
}
}
}</span>
更正:
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- public class irb
- {
- void method () {
- int[] array1 = new int [100];
- for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
- array1 [i] = i;
- }
- int[] array2 = new int [100];
- system.arraycopy(array1, 0, array2, 0, 100);
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class irb
{
void method () {
int[] array1 = new int [100];
for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
array1 [i] = i;
}
int[] array2 = new int [100];
system.arraycopy(array1, 0, array2, 0, 100);
}
}</span>
五、让访问实例内变量的getter/setter方法变成”final”
简单的getter/setter方法应该被置成final,这会告诉编译器,这个方法不会被重载,所以,可以变成”inlined”
例子:
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- class maf {
- public void setsize (int size) {
- _size = size;
- }
- private int _size;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">class maf {
public void setsize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}</span>
更正:
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- class daf_fixed {
- final public void setsize (int size) {
- _size = size;
- }
- private int _size;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">class daf_fixed {
final public void setsize (int size) {
_size = size;
}
private int _size;
}</span>
六、避免不需要的instanceof操作
如果左边的对象的静态类型等于右边的,instanceof表达式返回永远为true。
例子:
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- public class uiso {
- public uiso () {}
- }
- class dog extends uiso {
- void method (dog dog, uiso u) {
- dog d = dog;
- if (d instanceof uiso)
- system.out.println("dog is a uiso");
- uiso uiso = u;
- if (uiso instanceof object)
- system.out.println("uiso is an object");
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class uiso {
public uiso () {}
}
class dog extends uiso {
void method (dog dog, uiso u) {
dog d = dog;
if (d instanceof uiso) // always true.
system.out.println("dog is a uiso");
uiso uiso = u;
if (uiso instanceof object) // always true.
system.out.println("uiso is an object");
}
}</span>
更正:
删掉不需要的instanceof操作。
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- class dog extends uiso {
- void method () {
- dog d;
- system.out.println ("dog is an uiso");
- system.out.println ("uiso is an uiso");
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">class dog extends uiso {
void method () {
dog d;
system.out.println ("dog is an uiso");
system.out.println ("uiso is an uiso");
}
}</span>
七、避免不需要的造型操作
所有的类都是直接或者间接继承自object。同样,所有的子类也都隐含的“等于”其父类。那么,由子类造型至父类的操作就是不必要的了。
例子:
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- class unc {
- string _id = "unc";
- }
- class dog extends unc {
- void method () {
- dog dog = new dog ();
- unc animal = (unc)dog;
- object o = (object)dog;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">class unc {
string _id = "unc";
}
class dog extends unc {
void method () {
dog dog = new dog ();
unc animal = (unc)dog; // not necessary.
object o = (object)dog; // not necessary.
}
}</span>
更正:
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- class dog extends unc {
- void method () {
- dog dog = new dog();
- unc animal = dog;
- object o = dog;
- }
- }
-
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">class dog extends unc {
void method () {
dog dog = new dog();
unc animal = dog;
object o = dog;
}
}
</span>
八、如果只是查找单个字符的话,用charat()代替startswith()
用一个字符作为参数调用startswith()也会工作的很好,但从性能角度上来看,调用用string api无疑是错误的!
例子:
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- public class pcts {
- private void method(string s) {
- if (s.startswith("a")) {
-
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class pcts {
private void method(string s) {
if (s.startswith("a")) { // violation
// ...
}
}
}</span>
更正
将'startswith()' 替换成'charat()'.
[java]
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- public class pcts {
- private void method(string s) {
- if ('a' == s.charat(0)) {
-
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class pcts {
private void method(string s) {
if ('a' == s.charat(0)) {
// ...
}
}
}</span>
九、使用移位操作来代替'a / b'操作
"/"是一个很“昂贵”的操作,使用移位操作将会更快更有效。
例子:
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- public class sdiv {
- public static final int num = 16;
- public void calculate(int a) {
- int div = a / 4;
- int div2 = a / 8;
- int temp = a / 3;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class sdiv {
public static final int num = 16;
public void calculate(int a) {
int div = a / 4; // should be replaced with "a >> 2".
int div2 = a / 8; // should be replaced with "a >> 3".
int temp = a / 3;
}
}</span>
更正:
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- public class sdiv {
- public static final int num = 16;
- public void calculate(int a) {
- int div = a >> 2;
- int div2 = a >> 3;
- int temp = a / 3;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class sdiv {
public static final int num = 16;
public void calculate(int a) {
int div = a >> 2;
int div2 = a >> 3;
int temp = a / 3; // 不能转换成位移操作
}
}</span>
十、使用移位操作代替'a * b'
同上。
[i]但我个人认为,除非是在一个非常大的循环内,性能非常重要,而且你很清楚你自己在做什么,方可使用这种方法。否则提高性能所带来的程序晚读性的降低将是不合算的。
例子:
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- public class smul {
- public void calculate(int a) {
- int mul = a * 4;
- int mul2 = 8 * a;
- int temp = a * 3;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class smul {
public void calculate(int a) {
int mul = a * 4; // should be replaced with "a << 2".
int mul2 = 8 * a; // should be replaced with "a << 3".
int temp = a * 3;
}
}</span>
更正:
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- package opt;
- public class smul {
- public void calculate(int a) {
- int mul = a << 2;
- int mul2 = a << 3;
- int temp = a * 3;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">package opt;
public class smul {
public void calculate(int a) {
int mul = a << 2;
int mul2 = a << 3;
int temp = a * 3; // 不能转换
}
}</span>
十一、在字符串相加的时候,使用 ' ' 代替 " ",如果该字符串只有一个字符的话
例子:
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- public class str {
- public void method(string s) {
- string string = s + "d"
- string = "abc" + "d"
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class str {
public void method(string s) {
string string = s + "d" // violation.
string = "abc" + "d" // violation.
}
}
</span>
更正:
将一个字符的字符串替换成' '
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- public class str {
- public void method(string s) {
- string string = s + 'd'
- string = "abc" + 'd'
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class str {
public void method(string s) {
string string = s + 'd'
string = "abc" + 'd'
}
}
</span>
十二、不要在循环中调用synchronized(同步)方法
方法的同步需要消耗相当大的资料,在一个循环中调用它绝对不是一个好主意。
例子:
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- import java.util.vector;
- public class syn {
- public synchronized void method (object o) {
- }
- private void test () {
- for (int i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
- method (vector.elementat(i));
- }
- }
- private vector vector = new vector (5, 5);
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.util.vector;
public class syn {
public synchronized void method (object o) {
}
private void test () {
for (int i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
method (vector.elementat(i)); // violation
}
}
private vector vector = new vector (5, 5);
}</span>
更正:
不要在循环体中调用同步方法,如果必须同步的话,推荐以下方式:
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- import java.util.vector;
- public class syn {
- public void method (object o) {
- }
- private void test () {
- synchronized{
- for (int i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
- method (vector.elementat(i));
- }
- }
- }
- private vector vector = new vector (5, 5);
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.util.vector;
public class syn {
public void method (object o) {
}
private void test () {
synchronized{//在一个同步块中执行非同步方法
for (int i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
method (vector.elementat(i));
}
}
}
private vector vector = new vector (5, 5);
}</span>
十三、将try/catch块移出循环
把try/catch块放入循环体内,会极大的影响性能,如果编译jit被关闭或者你所使用的是一个不带jit的jvm,性能会将下降21%之多!
例子:
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- import java.io.fileinputstream;
- public class try {
- void method (fileinputstream fis) {
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- try {
- _sum += fis.read();
- } catch (exception e) {}
- }
- }
- private int _sum;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.io.fileinputstream;
public class try {
void method (fileinputstream fis) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
try { // violation
_sum += fis.read();
} catch (exception e) {}
}
}
private int _sum;
}</span>
更正:
将try/catch块移出循环
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- void method (fileinputstream fis) {
- try {
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- _sum += fis.read();
- }
- } catch (exception e) {}
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;"> void method (fileinputstream fis) {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
_sum += fis.read();
}
} catch (exception e) {}
}</span>
十四、对于boolean值,避免不必要的等式判断
将一个boolean值与一个true比较是一个恒等操作(直接返回该boolean变量的值). 移走对于boolean的不必要操作至少会带来2个好处:
1)代码执行的更快 (生成的字节码少了5个字节);
2)代码也会更加干净 。
例子:
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- public class ueq
- {
- boolean method (string string) {
- return string.endswith ("a") == true;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class ueq
{
boolean method (string string) {
return string.endswith ("a") == true; // violation
}
}</span>
更正:
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- class ueq_fixed
- {
- boolean method (string string) {
- return string.endswith ("a");
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">class ueq_fixed
{
boolean method (string string) {
return string.endswith ("a");
}
}</span>
十五、对于常量字符串,用'string' 代替 'stringbuffer'
常量字符串并不需要动态改变长度。
例子:
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- public class usc {
- string method () {
- stringbuffer s = new stringbuffer ("hello");
- string t = s + "world!";
- return t;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class usc {
string method () {
stringbuffer s = new stringbuffer ("hello");
string t = s + "world!";
return t;
}
}</span>
更正:
把stringbuffer换成string,如果确定这个string不会再变的话,这将会减少运行开销提高性能。
十六、用'stringtokenizer' 代替 'indexof()' 和'substring()'
字符串的分析在很多应用中都是常见的。使用indexof()和substring()来分析字符串容易导致 stringindexoutofboundsexception。而使用stringtokenizer类来分析字符串则会容易一些,效率也会高一些。
例子:
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- public class ust {
- void parsestring(string string) {
- int index = 0;
- while ((index = string.indexof(".", index)) != -1) {
- system.out.println (string.substring(index, string.length()));
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class ust {
void parsestring(string string) {
int index = 0;
while ((index = string.indexof(".", index)) != -1) {
system.out.println (string.substring(index, string.length()));
}
}
}
</span>
十七、使用条件操作符替代"if (cond) return; else return;" 结构
条件操作符更加的简捷
例子:
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- public class if {
- public int method(boolean isdone) {
- if (isdone) {
- return 0;
- } else {
- return 10;
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class if {
public int method(boolean isdone) {
if (isdone) {
return 0;
} else {
return 10;
}
}
}</span>
更正:
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- public class if {
- public int method(boolean isdone) {
- return (isdone ? 0 : 10);
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class if {
public int method(boolean isdone) {
return (isdone ? 0 : 10);
}
}</span>
十八、使用条件操作符代替"if (cond) a = b; else a = c;" 结构
例子:
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- public class ifas {
- void method(boolean istrue) {
- if (istrue) {
- _value = 0;
- } else {
- _value = 1;
- }
- }
- private int _value = 0;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class ifas {
void method(boolean istrue) {
if (istrue) {
_value = 0;
} else {
_value = 1;
}
}
private int _value = 0;
}</span>
更正:
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- public class ifas {
- void method(boolean istrue) {
- _value = (istrue ? 0 : 1);
- }
- private int _value = 0;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class ifas {
void method(boolean istrue) {
_value = (istrue ? 0 : 1); // compact expression.
}
private int _value = 0;
}
</span>
十九、不要在循环体中实例化变量
在循环体中实例化临时变量将会增加内存消耗
例子:
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- import java.util.vector;
- public class loop {
- void method (vector v) {
- for (int i=0;i < v.size();i++) {
- object o = new object();
- o = v.elementat(i);
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.util.vector;
public class loop {
void method (vector v) {
for (int i=0;i < v.size();i++) {
object o = new object();
o = v.elementat(i);
}
}
}</span>
更正:
在循环体外定义变量,并反复使用
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- import java.util.vector;
- public class loop {
- void method (vector v) {
- object o;
- for (int i=0;i<v.size();i++) {
- o = v.elementat(i);
- }
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">import java.util.vector;
public class loop {
void method (vector v) {
object o;
for (int i=0;i<v.size();i++) {
o = v.elementat(i);
}
}
}</span>
二十、确定 stringbuffer的容量
stringbuffer的构造器会创建一个默认大小(通常是16)的字符数组。在使用中,如果超出这个大小,就会重新分配内存,创建一个更大的数组,并将原先的数组复制过来,再丢弃旧的数组。在大多数情况下,你可以在创建stringbuffer的时候指定大小,这样就避免了在容量不够的时候自动增长,以提高性能。
例子:
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- public class rsbc {
- void method () {
- stringbuffer buffer = new stringbuffer();
- buffer.append ("hello");
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class rsbc {
void method () {
stringbuffer buffer = new stringbuffer(); // violation
buffer.append ("hello");
}
}</span>
更正:
为stringbuffer提供寝大小。
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- public class rsbc {
- void method () {
- stringbuffer buffer = new stringbuffer(max);
- buffer.append ("hello");
- }
- private final int max = 100;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class rsbc {
void method () {
stringbuffer buffer = new stringbuffer(max);
buffer.append ("hello");
}
private final int max = 100;
}</span>
二十一、尽可能的使用栈变量
如果一个变量需要经常访问,那么你就需要考虑这个变量的作用域了。static? local?还是实例变量?访问静态变量和实例变量将会比访问局部变量多耗费2-3个时钟周期。
例子:
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- public class usv {
- void getsum (int[] values) {
- for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
- _sum += value[i];
- }
- }
- void getsum2 (int[] values) {
- for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
- _staticsum += value[i];
- }
- }
- private int _sum;
- private static int _staticsum;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class usv {
void getsum (int[] values) {
for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
_sum += value[i]; // violation.
}
}
void getsum2 (int[] values) {
for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
_staticsum += value[i];
}
}
private int _sum;
private static int _staticsum;
} </span>
更正:
如果可能,请使用局部变量作为你经常访问的变量。
你可以按下面的方法来修改getsum()方法:
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- void getsum (int[] values) {
- int sum = _sum;
- for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
- sum += value[i];
- }
- _sum = sum;
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">void getsum (int[] values) {
int sum = _sum; // temporary local variable.
for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
sum += value[i];
}
_sum = sum;
}</span>
二十二、不要总是使用取反操作符(!)
取反操作符(!)降低程序的可读性,所以不要总是使用。
例子:
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- public class dun {
- boolean method (boolean a, boolean b) {
- if (!a)
- return !a;
- else
- return !b;
- }
- }
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">public class dun {
boolean method (boolean a, boolean b) {
if (!a)
return !a;
else
return !b;
}
}</span>
更正:
如果可能不要使用取反操作符(!)
二十三、与一个接口 进行instanceof操作
基于接口的设计通常是件好事,因为它允许有不同的实现,而又保持灵活。只要可能,对一个对象进行instanceof操作,以判断它是否某一接口要比是否某一个类要快。
例子:
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- public class insof {
- private void method (object o) {
- if (o instanceof interfacebase) { }
- if (o instanceof classbase) { }
- }
- }
-
- class classbase {}
- interface interfacebase {}