Python 类的定义、继承及使用对象
本文转载:http://www.17jo.com/program/python/base/ClassUse.html
Python编程中类的概念可以比作是某种类型集合的描述,如“人类”可以被看作一个类,然后用人类这个类定义出每个具体的人——你、我、他等作为其对象。类还拥有属性和功能,属性即类本身的一些特性,如人类有名字、身高和体重等属性,而具体值则会根据每个人的不同;功能则是类所能实现的行为,如人类拥有吃饭、走路和睡觉等功能。具体的形式如下:
# 例:类的概念<wbr></wbr>
class 人类:<wbr></wbr>
名字 = '未命名' # 成员变量<wbr></wbr>
def 说话(内容): # 成员函数<wbr></wbr>
print 内容 # 成员变量赋初始值<wbr></wbr>
某人 = 人类() # 定义一个人类对象某人<wbr></wbr>
某人.名字 = "路人甲"<wbr></wbr>
某人.说话 ('大家好') # 路人甲说话<wbr></wbr>
>>> 大家好! # 输出
示例程序一(类的定义):
>>> class pp:
... <wbr><wbr>pass</wbr></wbr>
...
>>> p = pp()
>>> print p
<__main__.pp instance at 0x00CA77B0>
>>>
打印了这个变量的类型。它告诉我们我们已经在__main__
模块中有了一个Person
类的实例。
示例程序二(__init__用法):
说明:__init__方法在类的对象被建立时,马上运行。该方法用来对对象进行初始化。
<wbr></wbr>
>>> class Person:
... <wbr><wbr>def __init__(self, name):</wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>self.name = name</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr>def sayHi(self):</wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>print 'Hello, my name is', self.name</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
...
>>> p = Person('Swaroop')
>>> p.sayHi()
Hello, my name is Swaroop
>>>
示例程序三(__del__方法):
说明:__del__方法是在程序退出时调用的。
<wbr></wbr>
>>> class Person:
... <wbr><wbr>population = 0</wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr>def __init__(self, name):</wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>self.name = name</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>print '(Initializing %s)' % self.name</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr>def __del__(self):</wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>print '%s says bye.' % self.name</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>Person.population -= 1</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
...
... <wbr><wbr>def howMany(self):</wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>if Person.population == 1:</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>print 'I am the only person here.'</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>else:</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
... <wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>print 'We have %d persons here.' % Person.population</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr>
...
>>> A = Person('aa')
(Initializing aa)
>>> A.howMany()
We have 0 persons here.
>>> B = Person('bb')
(Initializing bb)
>>> B.howMany()
We have 0 persons here.
>>> ^Z
aa says bye.
bb says bye.
Python中定义和使用类的形式为:class 类名[(父类名)]:[成员函数及成员变量],类名为这个类的名称,而父类名为可选,但定义父类名后,子类则拥有父类的相应属性和方法。在用类定义成对象时,会先调用__init__构造函数,以初始化对象的各属性,类的各属性(成员变量)均可以在构造函数中定义,定义时只要加上对象指针就好了。而在对象销毁时,则会调用__del__析构函数,定义类的成员函数时,必须默认一个变量(类似于C++中的this指针)代表类定义的对象本身,这个变量的名称可自行定义,下面例子将使用self变量表示类对象变量。
# 例:类定义及使用<wbr></wbr>
class CAnimal:<wbr></wbr>
name = 'unname' #成员变量<wbr></wbr>
def __init__(self,voice='hello'): # 重载构造函数<wbr></wbr>
self.voice = voice # 创建成员变量并赋初始值<wbr></wbr>
def __del__(self): # 重载析构函数<wbr></wbr>
pass # 空操作<wbr></wbr>
def Say(self):<wbr></wbr>
print self.voice<wbr></wbr>
t = CAnimal() # 定义动物对象t<wbr></wbr>
t.Say() # t说话<wbr></wbr>
>> hello # 输出<wbr></wbr>
dog = CAnimal('wow') # 定义动物对象dog<wbr></wbr>
dog.Say() # dog说话<wbr></wbr>
>> wow # 输出
<wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr>
Python编程中类可以承继父类属性,形式为class 类名(父类),子类可以继承父类的所有方法和属性,也可以重载父类的成员函数及属性,须注意的是子类成员函数若重载父类(即名字相同),则会使用子类成员函数
# 例:类的继承<wbr></wbr>
class CAnimal:<wbr></wbr>
def __init__(self,voice='hello'): # voice初始化默认为hello<wbr></wbr>
self.voice = voice<wbr></wbr>
def Say(self):<wbr></wbr>
print self.voice<wbr></wbr>
def Run(self):<wbr></wbr>
pass # 空操作语句(不做任何操作)<wbr></wbr>
class CDog(CAnimal): # 继承类CAnimal<wbr></wbr>
def SetVoice(self,voice): # 子类增加函数
SetVoice self.voice = voice<wbr></wbr>
def Run(self,voice): # 子类重载函数Run
print 'Running'<wbr></wbr>
bobo = CDog()<wbr></wbr>
bobo.SetVoice('My Name is BoBo!') # 设置child.data为hello<wbr></wbr>
bobo.Say()<wbr></wbr>
bobo.Run()<wbr></wbr>
>> My Name is BoBo!<wbr></wbr>
>> Running